1. A timing valve, comprising:
a hollow singular body with an inlet at a first end and first outlets penetrating a side wall thereof in a region near the inlet,
a moveable hollow timing piston enclosed by said singular body that has a solid end face at a first end of the timing piston proximal to the inlet that includes an orifice, an open second end, and side walls that define a first enclosed space and cover the first outlets when in a closed position; and
a timing spring enclosed by the timing piston and having a first end mounted on the timing piston,
wherein fluid flowing into the singular body through the inlet flows through the orifice in the end face of the timing piston, and wherein fluid pressure on the end face pushes the timing piston against the spring into an open position that exposes the first outlets, wherein fluid flows out through the first outlets, stabilizing pressure on the timing piston and allowing the timing piston to remain in an open position.
2. The timing valve of claim 1, wherein the singular body further comprises a seat enclosed by the singular body disposed within the singular body at a position spaced apart from the timing piston, and upon which a second end of the timing spring is mounted, wherein the seat further encloses a flow passage that permits fluid to flow from the first enclosed space out of the singular body.
3. The timing valve of claim 2, further comprising a relief valve disposed in the seat at an end of the flow passage away from the timing piston, the relief valve being held by a retainer connected to a relief spring and being configured to be opened by flow pressure from fluid flowing in from the flow passage; and
a retainer housing inserted into a second end of the singular body that is opposite of the first end, wherein the retainer housing contains the relief spring, encloses a second enclosed space and includes second outlets through which fluid flowing in through the flow passage exits the timing valve.
4. The timing valve of claim 3, wherein the relief valve is a poppet valve enclosed by the seat.
5. The timing valve of claim 1, further comprising:
a stepped region on an outer surface of the timing piston;
a complementary stepped region on an inner surface of the singular body, wherein a diameter of the timing piston and the inner surface of the singular body widens in a region that extends toward the open second end of the timing piston; and
a timing annulus that extends toward the second end defined by a space between the outer surface of the timing piston and the inner surface of the hollow singular body,
wherein a space is formed between the stepped region of the timing piston and the complementary stepped region of the singular body when the timing piston is pushed into an open position that fills with fluid seeping in through the timing annulus,
wherein when pressure on the timing piston falls below a first threshold, the timing piston returns to a closed position, wherein the return of the timing position to the closed position is slowed by the expelling of fluid from the space formed between the stepped region of the timing piston and the complementary stepped region of the singular body, and wherein the stepped region limits movement of the timing piston toward the inlet of the singular body.
6. The timing valve of claim 5, wherein the first end of the timing spring is mounted on a shoulder of the timing piston defined by an inner surface of the stepped region.
7. The timing valve of claim 3, further comprising a plurality of slanted passages that extend through the side walls of the timing piston from the first enclosed space to exit from the outer side wall proximal to the end face of the timing piston, wherein said slanted passages slant in a direction that is directed away from the open second end of the timing piston,
wherein as the timing piston is pushed into the open position, the passages connect the first enclosed space to the first outlets in the side wall of the singular body before the end face is pushed past the first outlets increasing a pressure differential between the first enclosed space and the end face of the timing piston,
wherein the timing position is maintained in an open position if a pressure on the end face minus the pressure in the first enclosed space is greater than a second threshold, or if the pressure of the first enclosed space minus a pressure of the second enclosed space is greater than a third threshold.
8. The timing valve of claim 1, wherein side walls of the timing piston extend past the end face toward the inlet of the singular body to define a partially enclosed cavity.
9. A timing valve, comprising:
a moveable hollow timing piston enclosed by a hollow singular body that has a solid end face at a first end thereof that includes an orifice, an open second end, and side walls that define a first enclosed space;
a stepped region on an outer surface of the timing piston;
a complementary stepped region on an inner surface of the singular body, wherein a diameter of the timing piston and the inner surface of the singular body widens in a region that extends toward the open second end of the timing piston; and
a timing annulus that extends toward the second end defined by a space between the outer surface of the timing piston and the inner surface of the hollow singular body; and
wherein fluid flowing through the orifice in the end face of the timing piston pushes the timing piston against the timing spring into an open position and forms a space between the stepped region of the timing piston and the complementary stepped region of the singular body that fills with fluid seeping in through the timing annulus,
wherein when pressure on the timing piston falls below a first threshold, the timing piston returns to a closed position, wherein the return of the timing piston to a closed position is slowed by the expelling of fluid from the space between the stepped region of the timing piston and the complementary stepped region of the singular body.
10. The timing valve of claim 9, further comprising a timing spring enclosed by the timing piston and having a first end mounted on the timing piston, wherein the timing piston is pushed against the timing spring into the open position.
11. The timing valve of claim 10, wherein the first end of the timing spring is mounted on a shoulder of the timing piston defined by an inner surface of the stepped region.
12. The timing valve of claim 10 further comprising a hollow singular body with an inlet at a first end and first outlets penetrating a side wall thereof in a region near the inlet, wherein said timing piston is inserted through the inlet, and side walls of the timing piston cover the first outlets when in a closed position.
13. The timing valve of claim 12, wherein the stepped region limits movement of the timing piston toward the inlet of the singular body.
14. The timing valve of claim 12, wherein when the piston is in an open position, the first outlets are exposed, wherein fluid flows out through the first outlets, stabilizing pressure on the timing piston and allowing the timing piston to remain in an open position.
15. The timing valve of claim 12, wherein the singular body further comprises a seat enclosed by the singular body disposed within the singular body at a position spaced apart from the timing piston, and upon which a second end of the timing spring is mounted, wherein the seat further encloses a flow passage that permits fluid to flow from the first enclosed space out of the singular body.
16. The timing valve of claim 15, further comprising a relief valve disposed in the seat at an end of the flow passage away from the timing piston, the relief valve being held by a retainer connected to a relief spring and being configured to be opened by flow pressure from fluid flowing in from the flow passage; and
a retainer housing inserted into a second end of the singular body that is opposite of the first end, wherein the retainer housing contains the relief spring, encloses a second enclosed space and includes second outlets through which fluid flowing in through the flow passage exits the timing valve.
17. The timing valve of claim 16, further comprising a plurality of slanted passages that extend through the side walls of the timing piston from the first enclosed space to exit from the outer side wall proximal to the end face of the timing piston, wherein said slanted passages slant in a direction that is directed away from the open second end of the timing piston,
wherein as the timing piston is pushed out of a closed position, the passages connect the space enclosed by the timing piston to the first outlets in the side wall of the singular body before the end face is pushed past the first outlets increasing a pressure differential between the enclosed space and the end face of the timing piston,
wherein the timing position is maintained in an open position if a pressure on the end face minus the pressure in the enclosed space is greater than a second threshold, or if the pressure of the first enclosed space minus a pressure of the second enclosed space is greater than a third threshold.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for making nanoparticles, comprising steps of:
providing a reaction chamber with at least one high-pressure injector disposed therein and at least two reactants, one of the reactants being a liquid reactant;
atomizing the liquid reactant by the injector, and simultaneously spray mixing the liquid reactant with the other reactant in the reaction chamber, thereby precipitating nanoparticles from the mixture of the reactants; and
isolating the precipitate from the mixture.
2. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of pumping and atomizing the mixture of the reactants into the chamber again after spray mixing the liquid reactant with the other reactant.
3. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactants include two aqueous solutions, said two aqueous solutions including sodium carbonate solution and strontium nitrate solution.
4. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactants include a gas reactant, said gas reactant including carbon dioxide.
5. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 4, wherein the liquid reactant is a sodium aluminate solution.
6. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 4, wherein the reactants include a solid reactant, the solid reactant is a calcium hydroxide powder, and the liquid reactant is distilled water.
7. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, wherein the injector is a high-pressure swirl injector.
8. A method for making nanoparticles, comprising steps of
atomizing a liquid reactant and simultaneously spray mixing the liquid reactant with other reactants, thereby precipitating nanoparticles from the mixture of the reactants; and
isolating the precipitate from the mixture.
9. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 8, wherein the reactants include two aqueous solutions, said two aqueous solutions including sodium carbonate solution and strontium nitrate solution.
10. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 8, wherein the reactants include a gas reactant.
11. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 10, wherein the liquid reactant is a sodium aluminate solution, the gas reactant includes carbon dioxide.
12. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 10, wherein the reactants include a solid reactant.
13. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 12, wherein the liquid reactant is distilled water, the gas reactant is carbon dioxide, and the solid reactant is a calcium hydroxide powder.
14. The method for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 8, wherein the atomization of the liquid reactant is carried out using a high-pressure swirl injector.
15. An apparatus for making nanoparticles, comprising:
a reaction chamber;
at least two injectors mounted to the reaction chamber, the at least two injectors being configured for injecting reactants into the reaction chamber, wherein at least one of the reactants is a liquid reactant and one of the injectors is configured for atomizing the liquid reactant; and
a tank for collecting a mixture of the reactants, the tank being in flow communication with the reaction chamber.
16. The apparatus for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 15, wherein the apparatus includes a valve, a pump, and an extra injector; the valve, the pump, and the extra injector being connected in series using a plurality of pipes.
17. The apparatus for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 15, wherein the apparatus includes at least one container, the container being connected to the injector by a pipe.
18. The apparatus for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 15, wherein the apparatus includes at least one gas nozzle and one gas supply apparatus, the gas nozzle is disposed on the inside wall of the reaction chamber and connected to the gas supply apparatus.
19. The apparatus for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 15, wherein the apparatus includes at least one powder nozzle and one powder supply apparatus, the powder nozzle is disposed on the inside wall of the reaction chamber and connected to the powder supply apparatus.
20. The apparatus for making nanoparticles as claimed in claim 15, wherein a stirrer is disposed in the tank for agitating the mixture of the reactants.