1. A process for reducing chloronitrobenzene catalyzed by platinum-nanoparticles stabilized on modified montmorillonite clay wherein the said process comprises the steps of:
a) dissolving chloronitrobenzene in ethyl acetate in the mole ratio of 1:50 to obtain a solution;
b) adding Pt0-nanoparticles stabilized on modified montmorillonite as catalyst in the mole ratio of 1:82 with respect to chloronitrobenzene to the solution obtained in step a to obtain a reaction mixture;
c) purging H2 gas for 5 min in the reaction mixture obtained in step b and then pressurizing with H2 gas with a pressure in the range of 5 bar to 20 bar at room temperature; and
d) heating the reaction mixture as obtained in step c to a temperature in the range of 40\xb0 C. to 50\xb0 C. for a period in the range of 5 minutes to 240 minutes at 500 rpm to obtain chloroaniline.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the pressure is preferably 10 bar.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the period of reaction is preferably in the range of 15 minutes to 30 minutes.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of step (d) is preferably 45\xb0 C.
5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the chloronitrobenzene is reduced to chloroaniline at a conversion rate up to 100% and a selectivity rate up to 100%.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for analyzing a metal specimen, comprising:
an electrolysis step of electrolyzing a metal specimen containing a reference element and a target element in an electrolytic solution;
a sampling step of sampling a portion of the electrolytic solution;
an analysis step of analyzing the sampled electrolytic solution;
a concentration ratio-calculating step of calculating a concentration ratio of the target element to the reference element in the electrolytic solution on the basis of the analysis results; and
a content-calculating step of calculating the content of the target element existing in a form of a solid solution by multiplying the obtained concentration ratio by the content of the reference element in the metal specimen.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sampling step comprises sampling a portion of the electrolytic solution during electrolysis.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sampling step comprises sampling a portion of the electrolytic solution after electrolysis.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sampling step comprises removing remaining metal specimen from the electrolytic solution after electrolysis and then sampling a portion of the electrolytic solution.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sampling step comprises filtering the electrolytic solution and then sampling a portion of the filtered electrolytic solution.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sampling step comprises sampling the electrolytic solution of 5 ml or less.
7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of dialyzing the sampled electrolytic solution through a semipermeable membrane to remove precipitates and inclusions.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the analysis step comprises:
an aqueous solution-preparing step of adding a chelating agent to the sampled electrolytic solution to prepare an aqueous solution;
a checking step of checking that the aqueous solution contains no fine particles; and
an aqueous solution-analyzing step of analyzing the checked aqueous solution.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reference element is an element which forms no precipitate or inclusion.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the metal specimen is steel; and
the reference element is iron.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the metal specimen is stainless steel; and
the reference element is chromium or nickel.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the metal specimen is a copper alloy; and
the reference element is copper.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the analysis step comprises mixing the sampled electrolytic solution with an aqueous solution of a chelating agent to convert the reference element and the target element into water-soluble chelates, and then performing analysis.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the chelating agent aqueous solution is an aqueous solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
15. A method for analyzing a metal specimen, comprising:
an electrolysis step of electrolyzing a metal specimen containing a reference element and a target element in an electrolytic solution;
a sampling step of sampling a portion of the electrolytic solution;
an analysis step of analyzing the sampled electrolytic solution which comprises:
an aqueous solution-preparing step of adding a chelating agent to the sampled electrolytic solution to prepare an aqueous solution;
a checking step of checking that the aqueous solution contains no fine particles by introducing the aqueous solution into a high-sensitivity analyzer and then checking the aqueous solution on the basis of the stability of the intensity of a signal obtained by time-resolved photometry; and
an aqueous solution-analyzing step of analyzing the checked aqueous solution;
a concentration ratio-calculating step of calculating a concentration ratio of the target element to the reference element in the electrolytic solution on the basis of the analysis results; and
a content-calculating step of calculating the content of the target element existing in a form of a solid solution by multiplying the obtained concentration ratio by the content of the reference element in the metal specimen.