1. A stack cutter comprising:
a blade for cutting an object, an edge of the blade being pressed against and generally parallel to a surface of the object, wherein the blade has a thickness of 1 mm or smaller;
handling means for being operated by a user so that the blade located away from the object moves toward the object; and
linking means for transmitting a force exerted on the handling means to the blade.
2. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein the blade has a thickness of 0.9 mm or smaller.
3. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein the blade has a thickness of 0.7 mm or smaller.
4. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein the blade has a thickness of 0.5 mm or smaller.
5. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein the blade has a thickness of 0.4 mm or larger.
6. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein an edge angle of the blade falls within a range of 30\xb0\xb15\xb0.
7. The stack cutter according to claim 1, wherein the blade comprises a carbon tool steel or a steel material having at least the same hardness as the carbon tool steel.
8. A blade for being used in a stack cutter, the stack cutter comprising the blade for cutting an object, an edge of the blade being pressed against and generally parallel to a surface of the object, handling means for being operated by a user so that the blade located away from the object moves toward the object, linking means for transmitting a force exerted on the handling means to the blade, and fixing means being capable of removably fixing the blade attached to the linking means, wherein the blade has a thickness of 1 mm or smaller and has a fixed portion capable of being removably engaged with the fixing means.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process comprising:
(a) contacting a fuel containing organosulfur impurities with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of an oxidation catalyst to form an oxidized fuel, wherein a substantial portion of the organosulfur impurities are converted into sulfones and a residual amount of organic hydroperoxide remains in the oxidized fuel;
(b) extracting the sulfones from the oxidized fuel to form a fuel having a reduced amount of sulfones and a residual amount of organic hydroperoxide; and
(c) contacting the fuel from step (b) with a Group 4 to 11 transition metal-containing decomposition catalyst.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic hydroperoxide is tertiary butyl hydroperoxide.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the oxidation catalyst is a titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the sulfones are extracted by solid-liquid extraction using at least one sulfone adsorbent.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the sulfones are extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using at least one polar solvent selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 alcohol, a C3-C8 ketone, water, and mixtures thereof.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the polar solvent is a mixture of methanol and water.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein Group 4 to 11 transition metal-containing decomposition catalyst comprises a Group 4 to 11 transition metal and a support.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein the Group 4 to 11 transition metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium, titanium, manganese, vanadium, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, and mixtures thereof.
9. The process of claim 7 wherein the Group 4 to 11 transition metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium, titanium, iron, and mixtures thereof.
10. The process of claim 7 wherein the support is selected from the group consisting of silicas, aluminas, silica-aluminas, and carbon.
11. The process of claim 7 wherein the decomposition catalyst comprises chromium, silica, and optionally titanium.
12. A process comprising:
(a) extracting organonitrogen impurities from a fuel containing organonitrogen and organosulfur impurities whereby the nitrogen content of fuel is reduced by at least 50 percent to produce a fuel having a reduced amount of organonitrogen impurities;
(b) isolating the fuel having a reduced amount of organonitrogen impurities;
(c) contacting the isolated fuel having a reduced amount of organonitrogen impurities with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst to form an oxidized fuel, wherein a substantial portion of the organosulfur impurities are converted into sulfones and a residual amount of organic hydroperoxide remains in the oxidized fuel;
(d) extracting the sulfones from the oxidized fuel by solid-liquid extraction using at least one sulfone adsorbent or liquid-liquid extraction using at least one polar solvent to form a fuel having a reduced amount of sulfones and a residual amount of organic hydroperoxide; and
(e) contacting the fuel from step (d) with a Group 4 to 11 transition metal-containing decomposition catalyst comprising a Group 4 to 11 transition metal and a support.
13. The process of claim 12 wherein the organic hydroperoxide is tertiary butyl hydroperoxide.
14. The process of claim 12 wherein the titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst is titania-on-silica.
15. The process of claim 12 wherein the sulfone adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of silicas, aluminas, and silica-aluminas.
16. The process of claim 12 wherein the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 alcohol, a C3-C8 ketone, water, and mixtures thereof.
17. The process of claim 12 wherein the Group 4 to 11 transition metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium, titanium, iron, and mixtures thereof and the support is selected from the group consisting of silicas, aluminas, silica-aluminas, and carbon.
18. The process of claim 12 wherein the decomposition catalyst comprises chromium, silica, and optionally titanium.
19. A fuel produced by the process of claim 1.
20. A fuel produced by the process of claim 12.