1. A microplate, comprising:
an upper plate including a top surface, a body, and a bottom surface, where:
the top surface has located thereon a sealing substance which has one or more fluid delivery-removal sealing interfaces where each fluid delivery-removal sealing interface has at least two fluid inlet ports and at least one fluid outlet port; and
the body having one or more fluid delivery-removal channels extending therethrough where each fluid delivery-removal channel has at least two fluid inlet channels and at least one fluid outlet channel which are respectively aligned with the at least two fluid inlet ports and the at least one fluid outlet port that are located within the corresponding fluid delivery-removal sealing interface of the sealing substance; and
a lower plate including a top surface which is attached to the bottom surface of the upper plate such that one or more flow chambers are present therebetween, where each one of the flow chambers is in fluid communication with a corresponding one of the fluid delivery-removal channels extending through the body of the upper plate and where each of the flow chambers further includes:
a first flow restrictor associated with one of the corresponding fluid inlet ports;
a second flow restrictor associated with another one of the corresponding fluid inlet ports;
a central portion having one corner of one end associated with the first flow restrictor and another corner of the one end associated with the second flow restrictor; and
an outlet portion associated with the corresponding fluid outlet port and an opposite end of the central portion, wherein the opposite end is directly opposite from both an opening of the one corner and an opening of the another corner associated with the one end of the central portion.
2. The microplate of claim 1, wherein the first flow restrictor is a first porous material and the second flow restrictor is a second porous material.
3. The microplate of claim 1, wherein the first flow restrictor is a first weir and the second flow restrictor is a second weir.
4. The microplate of claim 1, wherein the flow chamber further includes:
a first inlet portion located between the first fluid inlet and the first flow restrictor;
a second inlet portion located between the second fluid inlet and the second flow restrictor; and
the first flow restrictor is a first flow restrictive neck and the second flow restrictor is a second flow restrictive neck.
5. The microplate of claim 4, wherein the central portion further includes a third flow restrictive neck associated with the first flow restrictive neck and the second flow restrictive neck.
6. The microplate of claim 1, wherein said bottom surface of said upper plate has one or more ridges extending therefrom and encompassing the one or more fluid delivery-removal channels which enables the formation of the one or more flow chambers when said upper plate is attached by an adhesive to said lower plate.
7. The microplate of claim 6, wherein said bottom surface of said upper plate has one or more channels formed therein that contain an overflow of the adhesive which extend outside a perimeter of the one or more ridges.
8. The microplate of claim 1, further comprising a film used to attach the upper plate to the lower plate, wherein the film has one or more sections removed therefrom, and wherein each removed section forms one of the flow chambers when the upper plate is attached to the lower plate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An automotive front lamp comprising a glass envelope enclosing a light generating means, and an axially andor circumferentially graded absorption coating applied to a surface of the glass envelope, wherein the graded absorption coating exhibits a smooth transition in a transition region from a first coated region on the glass envelope to a second coated region on the glass envelope.
2. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the first coated region and the second coated region differ in layer thickness andor particle density andor layer count andor colour.
3. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the graded absorption coating has a thickness in the range 200 nm to 500 nm in the first coated region and in the range 500 nm to 1000 nm in the second coated region.
4. A lamp according claim 1, wherein the first coated region comprises an absorption coating with low particle density and the second coated region comprises an absorption coating with high particle density.
5. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the number of layers in the first coated region is less than the number of layers in the second coated region.
6. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein a refractive index of the first coated region and a refractive index of the second coated region differ by at most 0.2.
7. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the graded absorption coating comprises a single layer of an absorption material.
8. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the first coated region is applied in the vicinity of the light generating means of the lamp, and a second coated region is applied to an outer region of the glass envelope.
9. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the material of the graded absorption coating is chosen to raise the colour temperature of the lamp by at least 100K compared to an uncoated state of the lamp.
10. A lamp according to claim 1, wherein the graded absorption coating essentially entirely covers the surface of the glass envelope.
11. A lighting assembly comprising a lamp according to claim 1 and a reflector for collecting and shaping any light passing through the graded absorption coating of the lamp.
12. A lighting assembly according to claim 11, wherein the lamp comprises a H7 lamp with a light generating means comprises a filament, and the graded absorption coating is applied over the entire surface of the glass envelope of the lamp such that the first coated region is applied in the region of the filament and the second coated region is applied to an outer region of the glass envelope below the filament.
13. A method of manufacturing an automotive front lamp comprising a glass envelope enclosing a light generating means, coating to a surface of the glass envelope such that the graded absorption coating exhibits a smooth transition in a transition region from a first coated region to a second coated region to alter a front beam generated by the lamp.
14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the step of applying the axially andor circumferentially graded absorption coating comprises the steps of
immersing the glass envelope in a coating bath;
partially withdrawing the glass envelope from the coating bath at a first rate of withdrawal;
and completely removing the glass envelope from the coating bath at a second rate of withdrawal
whereby the first rate of withdrawal is gradually adjusted until the second rate of withdrawal is reached.
15. A method according to claim 13, wherein the step of applying the axially andor circumferentially graded absorption coating comprises the steps of
applying the coating essentially to the entire surface of the envelope;
and removing a portion of the coating an area corresponding to the first coated region such that a thin layer of the absorption coating remains in that area.