1. A tissue ablation device comprising:
a balloon catheter, wherein said balloon catheter is comprised of a semipermeable membrane;
wherein said balloon catheter being insufflated with an osmotically active solution.
2. A tissue ablation device comprising:
an elongated shaft having at least one lumen therethrough, a proximal end portion and distal end portion, the proximal and distal end portions defining a longitudinal axis there between;
an expandable element positioned on the distal end of said shaft, with said expandable element defining at least one chamber which is in fluid communication with one or more of the said lumen, and which when expanded is in substantial direct contact with tissue to be ablated;
a fluid material injected into said expandable element with said material being osmotically active and generally hyperosmolar relative to body tissue, and said fluid material giving rise to an osmotic pressure gradient which could affect water flux from body tissue to fluid material;
a semipermeable membrane comprising a portion or the entirety of said expandable element, with said membrane permeable to water and impermeable to the osmotically active agent in said fluid material, such that upon substantial direct contact with the tissue to be ablated, said membrane promotes an osmotically driven water flux from tissue, through said membrane, and into said chamber;
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element is expanded by an osmotically active crystalloid or colloid solution.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element is expanded by a hygroscopic material.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein expandable element is a single balloon defining a single chamber.
6. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein expandable element comprises two or more elongated balloons oriented such that the longitudinal axis of said elongated balloons parallels said longitudinal axis of shaft, with each of said balloons in fluid communication with at least one lumen of said shaft.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein each of said balloons is equal in length and diameter.
8. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said balloons are of variable length and diameter.
9. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element is a balloon defining multiple chambers wherein each of the said chambers is in fluid communication with at least one additional chamber, and at least one of the said chambers is in fluid communication with at least one lumen of said shaft.
10. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element comprises two or more balloons placed in series along the distal end of said shaft, with each balloon defining one or more chamber which is in fluid communication with at least one lumen on said shaft.
11. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element is a balloon which is substantially spiraled along said shaft.
12. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said semipermeable membrane is a compliant material.
13. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said semipermeable membrane is a non-compliant material.
14. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said expandable element includes a hygroscopic compound situated within, around, or alongside said membrane.
15. The apparatus of claim 2 with a single lumen through shaft allowing for delivery of said liquid material into said chamber defined by said expandable element.
16. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said shaft accommodates at least one inflow lumen for delivery of said liquid material into said chamber, and at least one separate outflow lumen, also in fluid communication with said chamber, and allowing withdrawal of said liquid material from said chamber.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said inflow lumen is in fluid communication with said chamber at a point on said shaft more proximal than said outflow lumen.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein a pressure sensitive valve is fitted along the proximal end of said shaft, in fluid communication with said outflow lumen.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said fluid material is circulated within said chamber.
20. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein an additional lumen is configured to receive a guidewire.
21. A method for osmotically induced destruction of body tissue, said method comprising:
advancing an elongated catheter into said tissue, wherein said catheter has an expandable element at the distal end comprised in part or in whole of a semipermeable membrane;
instillation of an osmotically active liquid material into said expandable element and bringing said expandable element into substantial contact with said tissue;
affecting a water flux from said tissue, through said semipermeable membrane, and into chamber defined by said expandable element;
wherein the osmotically driven water flux results in tissue desiccation and destruction;
22. The method according to claim 21 wherein there is no direct contact between sclerosant and body tissue.
23. The method according to claim 21 wherein a pressure limiting valve prevents pressure build up within said expandable element.
24. The method according to claim 21 wherein said liquid material is circulated within the chamber defined by said expandable element.
25. The method according to claim 24 wherein separate inflow and outflow ports allow for circulation of said liquid material.
26. The method according to claim 21 wherein said expandable element expands from its proximal aspect on said shaft to its distal aspect.
27. The method according to claim 21 wherein said expandable element expands from its distal aspect on said shaft to its proximal aspect.
28. The method according to claim 21 wherein said body tissue is a vascular structure.
29. The method according to claim 21 wherein said body tissue is a Fallopian tube.
30. The method according to claim 21 wherein said body tissue is the endometrium of the uterus.
31. The method according to claim 21 wherein said body tissue is a peri-vascular neural plexus.
32. The method according to claim 21 whereby tissue destruction is achieved without the need for tumescent anesthetic.
33. A method for body tissue sclerosis wherein sclerosis is achieved without direct contact of the sclerosant and said body tissue.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A graphene film made by the process of:
a. depositing a non-gaseous carbon source onto a catalyst surface; and
b. exposing the non-gaseous carbon source to at least one gas, wherein the at least one gas comprises a gas flow rate; and
c. initiating the conversion of the non-gaseous carbon source to the graphene film, wherein the formed graphene film comprises one or more layers of graphene, and wherein the thickness of the graphene film is controllable by adjusting the gas flow rate.
2. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the non-gaseous carbon source is selected from the group consisting of polymers, non-polymeric carbon sources, raw carbon sources, small molecules, organic compounds, fullerenes, fluorenes, carbon nanotubes, phenylene ethynylenes, sucrose, sugars, polysaccharides, proteins, carbohydrates and combinations thereof.
3. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the non-gaseous carbon source comprises a raw carbon source.
4. The graphene film of claim 3, wherein the raw carbon source is selected from the group consisting of food sources, plants, insects, waste products, and combinations thereof.
5. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the catalyst surface comprises one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Pt, Au, Al, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Rh, Si, Ta, Ti, W, U, V, Zr and combinations thereof.
6. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the non-gaseous carbon source is doped with a doping reagent before, during or after the initiating step, and wherein the doping results in the formation of a doped graphene film.
7. The graphene film of claim 6, wherein the doping reagent is selected from the group consisting of melamines, boranes, carboranes, aminoboranes, ammonia boranes, phosphines, aluminum hydroxides, silanes, polysilanes, polysiloxanes, phosphites, phosphonates, sulfides, thiols, ammonia, pyridines, phosphazines, borazines, and combinations thereof.
8. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the graphene film is a monolayered graphene.
9. The graphene film of claim 1, further comprising a step of adjusting the thickness of the graphene film by adjusting the gas flow rate.
10. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the at least one gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and combinations thereof.
11. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the non-gaseous carbon source is deposited on a first surface of the catalyst, and wherein the graphene film forms on a second surface of the catalyst.
12. The graphene film of claim 11, wherein the first surface and the second surface are on opposite sides of the catalyst.
13. The graphene film of claim 1, wherein the graphene film has from about 2 layers of graphene to about 9 layers of graphene.