What is claimed is:
1. A zoom lens system comprising, in order from an object side:
a first lens group having a negative refractive power; and
a second lens group having a positive refractive power;
wherein zooming operation is carried out by changing an interval between the first lens group and the second lens group;
wherein the second lens group includes, in order from the object side;
a front second lens group having a positive refractive power; and
a rear second lens group having a positive refractive power;
wherein focusing operation is carried out by moving the front second group to an image side; and
wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied;
0.002<1(nifi)<0.004
where
ni denotes refractive index for d-line (587.56 nm) of the i-th lens element counted from the object side;
fi denotes the focal length for d-line (587.56 nm) of the i-th lens element counted from the object side; and
the summation is to be carried out from the first lens surface to the last lens surface.
2. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied;
1.3<f21f22<1.5
where
f21 denotes the focal length of the front second lens group; and
f22 denotes the focal length of the rear second lens group.
3. The zoom lens system according to claim 2,
wherein the rear second lens group includes at least a pair of cemented lens composed of a negative lens and a positive lens; and
wherein the following conditional expressions are satisfied:
3
1.5
<
f1
fw
<
2
0.335
<
n1
–
n2
45
<
v2
–
v1
where
f1 denotes the focal length of the first lens group,
fw denotes the focal length of the zoom lens system in the wide-angle end state,
n1 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the negative lens in the cemented lens,
n2 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the positive lens in the cemented lens,
1 denotes Abbe number of the negative lens in the cemented lens, and
2 denotes Abbe number of the positive lens in the cemented lens.
4. The zoom lens system according to claim 3,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
4
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at a vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
Cn denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
5. The zoom lens system according to claim 2,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
5
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at a vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
CN denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
6. The zoom lens system according to claim 1,
wherein the rear second lens group includes at least a pair of cemented lens composed of a negative lens and a positive lens; and
wherein the following conditional expressions are satisfied:
6
1.5
<
f1
fw
<
2
0.335
<
n1
–
n2
45
<
v2
–
v1
where
f1 denotes the focal length of the first lens group,
fw denotes the focal length of the zoom lens system in the wide-angle end state,
n1 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the negative lens in the cemented lens,
n2 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the positive lens in the cemented lens,
1 denotes Abbe number of the negative lens in the cemented lens, and
2 denotes Abbe number of the positive lens in the cemented lens.
7. The zoom lens system according to claim 6,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
7
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at a vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
Cn denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
8. The zoom lens system according to claim 1,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
8
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surafe denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
Cn denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
9. A zoom lens system comprising, in order from an object side:
a first lens group having a negative refractive power; and
a second lens group having a positive refractive power;
wherein zooming operation is carried out by changing an interval between the first lens group and the second lens group;
wherein the second lens group includes, in order from the object side;
a front second lens group having a positive refractive power; and
a rear second lens group having a positive refractive power;
wherein focusing operation is carried out by moving the front second group to an image side; and
wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied;
1.3<f21f22<1.5
where
f21 denotes the focal length of the front second lens group; and
f22 denotes the focal length of the rear second lens group.
10. The zoom lens system according to claim 9,
wherein the rear second lens group includes at least a pair of cemented lens composed of a negative lens and a positive lens; and
wherein the following conditional expressions are satisfied:
9
1.5
<
f1
fw
<
2
0.335
<
n1
–
n2
45
<
v2
–
v1
where
f1 denotes the focal length of the first lens group,
fw denotes the focal length of the zoom lens system in the wide-angle end state,
n1 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the negative lens in the cemented lens,
n2 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the positive lens in the cemented lens,
1 denotes Abbe number of the negative lens in the cemented lens, and
2 denotes Abbe number of the positive lens in the cemented lens.
11. The zoom lens system according to claim 10,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
10
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at a vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
Cn denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
12. The zoom lens system according to claim 9,
wherein the first lens group includes at least three negative lenses and at least one positive lens,
wherein a surface of at least the three negative lenses is an aspherical surface satisfying the following conditional expression:
2<X(14)X(7)<2.5
where X(y) is denoted by the following aspherical expression:
11
X
(
y
)
=
(
y
2
r
)
1
+
{
1
–
(
y
r
)
2
}
1
2
+
C
2
y
2
+
C
4
y
4
+
C
6
y
6
+
C
8
y
8
+
C
10
y
10
where
X(14) denotes a displacement along an optical axis from an osculating plane at a vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at a height y14 mm,
X(7) denotes the displacement along the optical axis from the osculating plane at the vertex of the aspherical surface denoted by the above aspherical expression at the height y7 mm,
r denotes a paraxial radius of curvature,
denotes the conical coefficient, and
Cn denotes the aspherical surface coefficient of n-th order.
13. A zoom lens system comprising, in order from an object side:
a first lens group having a negative refractive power; and
a second lens group having a positive refractive power;
wherein zooming operation is carried out by changing an interval between the first lens group and the second lens group;
wherein the zoom lens system has a maximum angle of view of 100 or more in a zooming range
wherein the second lens group includes, in order from the object side, a front second lens group having a positive refractive power and a rear second lens group having a positive refractive power; and
wherein focusing operation is carried out by moving the front second group to the image side.
14. The zoom lens system according to claim 13,
wherein the zoom lens system has a zoom ratio of 1.7 or more.
15. The zoom lens system according to claim 13,
wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied;
0.002<1(nifi)<0.004
where
ni denotes refractive index for d-line (587.56 nm) of the i-th lens element counted from the object side;
fi denotes the focal length for d-line (587.56 nm) of the i-th lens element counted from the object side; and
the summation is to be carried out from the first lens surface to the last lens surface.
16. The zoom lens system according to claim 13, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied;
1.3<f21f22<1.5
where
f21 denotes the focal length of the front second lens group; and
f22 denotes the focal length of the rear second lens group.
17. The zoom lens system according to claim 13,
wherein the first lens group satisfies the following conditional expression:
1.5<f1fw<2
where
f1 denotes the focal length of the first lens groups and
fw denotes the focal length of the zoom lens system in the wide-angle end state.
18. The zoom lens system according to claim 13,
wherein the rear second lens group includes at least a pair of cemented lens composed of a negative lens and a positive lens; and
wherein the following conditional expressions are satisfied:
12
0.335
<
n1
–
n2
45
<
v2
–
v1
where
n1 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the negative lens in the cemented lens,
n2 denotes the refractive index for d-line of the positive lens in the cemented lens,
1 denotes Abbe number of the negative lens in the cemented lens, and
2 denotes Abbe number of the positive lens in the cemented lens.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for producing a pretreated product of lignocellulosic biomass for saccharification, in which lignin is dissociated from a substrate or the substrate is swelled, obtained by pretreating the lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate before saccharification,
the process comprising:
maintaining a substrate mixture, obtained by mixing the substrate and ammonia water, at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time to thereby separate at least 15% of hemicellulose having a molecular weight ranging from 7.8\xd7103 to 2.0\xd7106 of all hemicellulose included in the substrate; and
forming pores between disassociated lignin and microfibril in the substrate, 60 to 80% of the pores having a diameter ranging from 10 to 50 nm,
wherein the substrate mixture is obtained by mixing the substrate and ammonia water in a concentration ranging from 20 to 30% by mass in a mass ratio of the substrate:ammonia water=1:0.7 to 1:4.
2. The process for producing a pretreated product of lignocellulosic biomass for saccharification according to claim 1,
wherein the substrate mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging from 25 to 100\xb0 C. for a period of time ranging from 1 to 100 hours.
3. A process for producing a pretreated product of lignocellulosic biomass for saccharification, in which lignin is dissociated from a substrate or the substrate is swelled, obtained by pretreating the lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate before saccharification,
the process comprising:
maintaining a substrate mixture, obtained by mixing the substrate and ammonia water, at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time to thereby separate at least 15% of hemicellulose having a molecular weight ranging from 7.8\xd7103 to 2.0\xd7106 of all hemicellulose included in the substrate; and
forming pores between disassociated lignin and microfibril in the substrate, 60 to 80% of the pores having a diameter ranging from 10 to 50 nm,
wherein the pores are formed such that a total pore surface area of the pores having a diameter in the range is between 1.18 and 1.7 m2g.