1. A training apparatus used to train scent dogs to detect complex hazardous substances from an odor mixture developed from an at least two separated material components having at least two separated odors respectively, the apparatus comprising:
a first container and an at least second container, having a plurality of holes, in a top side of the first container and the at least second container, providing ventilation;
a first elbow shaped pipe and an at least second elbow shaped pipe, having a first compartment and an at least second compartment, wherein the first container and the at least second container reside in the first compartment and the at least second compartment, respectively;
a first end cap and an at least second end cap positioned in the first and at least second compartments to seal the first container and the at least second container securely in the first compartment and at least second compartment, respectively;
a two way clean out adapter pipe having a third opening, a fourth opening and a fifth opening configured as coupling connections with the first elbow pipe, the at least second elbow pipe and the two way clean out adapter pipe, wherein separated odors from separated material components situated in separated containers mix by diffusion and provide an odor mixture developed from separated material components presented to a scent detecting dog;
a connector pipe connected to the fifth opening on top of the two way clean out adapter pipe; and
a drain assembly, having a drain cover, wherein the drain cover includes a plurality of holes and is affixed on top of the drain assembly; wherein the drain assembly is connected on top of the reducer pipe at a sixth opening formed at the bottom of the drain assembly, allowing odors to rise up and out of the training apparatus, wherein dogs are trained with an at least two explosive elements; and wherein the at least two explosive elements are separated in separate containers.
2. The training apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned in a configuration of legs, wherein the configuration of legs is selected from a group of configurations of legs consisting of the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe rotated about an axis of the two way clean out adapter pipe at the third opening and at the fourth opening respectively, until the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned vertically configured as legs, upon which the two way clean out adapter pipe stands and consisting of the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe rotated about the axis of the two way clean out adapter pipe at the third opening and at the fourth opening respectively, until the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned horizontally configured as legs upon which the two way clean out adapter pipe rests, and wherein the first end cap and the at least second end cap positioned in the first and second compartments are facing in opposite directions.
3. The training apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least two explosive elements include ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate, which can interact with a plurality of fuel oils and powdered aluminum compounds to form a homemade improvised explosive device.
4. The training apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the odors which rise up and out of the training apparatus include psuedoscents, and odors from inert substances and odors from individual components of normally mixedcombined compounds of explosives, and military grade explosives.
5. The training apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the training apparatus is composed of pipe and tubing components selected from a group of pipe and tubing components consisting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe and fittings, and metal pipe and fittings, rubber pipe and fittings, glass pipe and fittings and ceramic pipe and fittings having a range in diameter of from about 2 inches up to about 4 inches.
6. The training apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least two separated material components are in one of static proof bags and filter paper bindles to preclude loss of the at least two separated material components’ particulate matter.
7. A method of training scent dogs to detect complex hazardous substances from an odor mixture developed from at least two separated material components, housed in a training apparatus, containing at least two separated odors respectively, the method comprising:
inserting, by a human trainer, an at least two different samples of explosive material components into a first container and a second separate container; thereby eliminating manufacture of explosives;
placing the first container and the second separate container into a first opening and a second opening of the training apparatus, in a manner allowing odor vapors from the first container and the second separate container to escape from holes in said first container and said second separate container, wherein such odor vapors rise through a process of diffusion into a two way clean out assembly within the training apparatus, wherein the odor vapors from the first container and the second separate container mix forming an odor mixture, which further diffuses up through a drain assembly, wherein the drain assembly has holes allowing the odor mixture to diffuse into air being in close proximity to the drain assembly;
presenting, by the human trainer, the odor mixture diffusing out of the drain assembly, to a scent detecting dog, wherein the odor mixture spreading by the process of diffusion from a high concentration of odors in the first container and the second separate container to a low concentration of odors in training apparatus include psuedoscents, and odors from inert substances and odors from individual components of normally mixed compounds of explosives, and military grade explosives and improvised explosive device compounds, and wherein the process of diffusion from the high concentration of odors to the low concentration of odors in air in close proximity to the drain assembly cause the odor mixture to be confined to air in close proximity to drain assembly; and
training the scent detecting dog, by the human trainer to perform a conditional response to the odor mixture.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the training apparatus is composed of pipe and tubing selected from a group of pipe and tubing consisting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe and fittings, and metal pipe and fittings, rubber pipe and fittings, glass pipe and fittings and ceramic pipe and fittings having a range in diameter of from about 2 inches up to about 4 inches.
9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the at least two different samples of explosive elements including a fertilizer and potassium chlorate, which interact with a plurality of sub components, including fuel oils and powdered aluminum compounds, are tested in both component mixture trials and in component non-mixture trials, wherein an at least more than one training apparatus is used to test the at least two different samples of explosive elements and the plurality of sub components separately, and wherein the at least more than one training apparatus is spaced at least 2 meters apart from any other of the at least more than one training apparatus.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein, by weight in component mixture trials and in component non-mixture trials, a first range of values of the at least two different samples of explosive elements is from about 140 grams up to about 700 grams of PC, wherein, by weight, a second range values of the plurality of sub components is from about 20 grams to about 60 grams of any one of the sub components, wherein the at least more than one training apparatus is used to test the at least two different samples of explosive elements and the plurality of sub components separately, and wherein the at least more than one training apparatus is spaced at least 2 meters apart from any other of the at least more than one training apparatus.
11. A system of training scent dogs to detect complex hazardous substances from an odor mixture developed from at least two separated material components, housed in a group of multiple odor delivery training devices, containing at least two different explosive compounds having an at least two separate odors, respectively including odors from home-made explosives, as well as military grade explosives, wherein the group of multiple odor delivery training devices is used to train a given scent dog, the system comprising:
a plurality of odor delivery training devices, wherein each odor delivery training device of the plurality of odor delivery training devices includes:
a first container and an at least second container having a plurality of holes, in a top side of the first container and the at least second container, providing ventilation;
a first elbow shaped pipe and an at least second elbow shaped pipe, having a first compartment and an at least second compartment, wherein the first container and the at least second container reside in the first compartment and the at least second compartment, respectively;
a first end cap and an at least second end cap positioned in the first and at least second compartments to seal the first container and the at least second container securely in the first compartment and at least second compartment, respectively;
a two way clean out adapter pipe having a third opening, a fourth opening and a fifth opening configured as coupling connections with the first elbow pipe, the at least second elbow pipe and the two way clean out adapter pipe, wherein separated odors from separated material components, situated in separated containers, mixing by a process of diffusion, provide the odor mixture developed from separated material components, presented to a scent detecting dog, wherein the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned in a configuration of legs, wherein the configuration of legs is selected from a group of configurations of legs consisting of the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe rotated about an axis of the two way clean out adapter pipe at the third opening and at the fourth opening respectively, until the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned as vertical legs, upon which the two way clean out adapter pipe stands and consisting of the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe rotated about the axis of the two way clean out adapter pipe at the third opening and at the fourth opening respectively, until the first elbow pipe and the at least second elbow pipe are positioned as horizontal legs upon which the two way clean out adapter pipe rests, and wherein the first end cap and the at least second end cap positioned in the first and second compartments are facing in opposite directions;
a connector pipe connected to the fifth opening on top of the two way clean out adapter pipe; and
a drain assembly, having a drain cover, wherein the drain cover includes a plurality of holes and is affixed on top of the drain assembly; and wherein the drain assembly is connected on top of the connector pipe at a sixth opening formed at the bottom of the drain assembly, allowing odors to rise up and out of the odor delivery training device, wherein dogs are trained with an at least two explosive elements;
wherein the at least two explosive elements are separated in separate containers, and wherein the odor mixture spreading by the process of diffusion from a high concentration of odors in the first container and the second separate container to a low concentration of odors in air in close proximity to the drain assembly cause the odor mixture to be confined to air in close proximity to the drain assembly.
12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the at least two separate odors include psuedoscents, inert substances and individual components of a normally mixed compound of home-made explosives, as well as military grade explosives.
13. The system according to claim 11, wherein each odor delivery training device of the plurality of odor delivery training devices is marked, as containing a specific component, wherein each specific component can be one of an available bulk explosive component including ammonium nitrate (AN) and potassium chlorate (PC) and any number of a booster including fuel oil, powdered aluminum compounds or other household or industrial substances, and wherein production, storage and use of such components with actual explosive substances combined is hazardous.
14. The system according to claim 11, wherein each odor delivery training device of the plurality of odor delivery training devices is clearly marked, as containing two or more of a specific component, wherein each of the two or more specific component(s) can be one of an available bulk explosive component including ammonium nitrate (AN) and potassium chlorate (PC) and any number of a booster including fuel oil and powdered aluminum compounds, wherein production, storage and use of such components with actual explosive substances combined is hazardous, and wherein mixtures of such components mimic materials used to produce home-made explosives.
15. The system according to claim 11, wherein the first container and the at least second container include metal containers, rubber containers, plastic containers, ceramics containers and glass containers, having a diameter ranging from about 2 inches up to about 3 inches.
16. The system according to claim 11, wherein before beginning test trials, all dogs are trained to detect an HME.
17. The system according to claim 11, wherein all dogs are trained to perform an off-leash search, by sniffing the drain cover having the plurality of holes, on top of the drain assembly and \u201ccovering\u201d in proximity to a target odor in response to approximately 450 g of PC, placed inside one of the first container and the at least second container residing in one or more of the first end cap and the at least second end cap, and wherein the first a end cap and the at least second end cap are positioned in the first and at least second compartments to seal the first container and the at least second container securely in the first compartment and at least second compartment, respectively of the odor delivery training device.
18. The system according to claim 11, wherein blank trials are run, wherein the first container and the at least second container are selected from a group of containers placed randomly consisting of empty containers and containers having one or more of extraneous \u201cdistractor\u201d odors, and wherein odor delivery training devices are placed approximately 2 m apart in a circular formation inside a test arena.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein dog scent test results are reliable, and repeatable, wherein an increased number of dogs can be tested on a single odor delivery training device, and wherein the test arena is free of odor contamination, because each odor delivery training device confines low concentrations odor mixtures to air in close proximity to the drain assembly.
20. The system according to claim 19, wherein a plurality of odor delivery training devices are used simultaneously by a plurality of dog handlers to train a plurality of scent detecting dogs at a given time.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of producing an advanced low-dielectric constant film, comprising:
depositing a low-dielectric constant film on a substrate, said film being structured by Si\u2014C bond and having a first leakage current; and
emitting ultraviolet (UV) light to the film until the film has a second leakage current which is \xbd or less of the first leakage current.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of UV emission is continued until the second leakage current is 110 or less of the first leakage current.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the film includes Si\u2014O bond as an auxiliary structure.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the film is constituted by SiC, SiCO, or SiCN.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein before and after the step of UV emission, the film has a first mechanical strength and a second mechanical strength, and the step of UV emission is continued wherein the second mechanical strength is substantially the same as the first mechanical strength.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the film has a modulus of 10 GPa or more and a hardness of 2 GPa or more before the step of UV emission.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the film is a barrier layer having a dielectric constant of 3-5.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the UV has a wave length of between 100 nm and 500 nm.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the UV is emitted at an intensity of between 1 Wcm2 and 100 Wcm2.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of UV emission is the sole curing step for the film, wherein the film has a desired mechanical strength prior to the step of UV emission.
11. The method according to claim 7, further comprising, prior to the step of film deposition, depositing a low-k film on the substrate.
12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising emitting UV light to the low-k film before depositing the barrier layer.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the barrier layer serves as an etch stop or hard mask.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a leakage current on the order of 10\u22129 Acm at an electric field of 2 MVcm.
15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a leakage current on the order of 10\u221210 Acm at an electric field of 2 MVcm.
16. A method for forming a multilayer structure, comprising:
forming a low-k film on a substrate;
curing the low-k film solely by emitting UV light thereto;
forming a barrier layer on the low-k film; and
curing the barrier layer solely by emitting UV light thereto.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the barrier layer serves as an etch stop or hard mask.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein before and after the step of curing the barrier layer, the barrier layer has a first leakage current and a second leakage current, respectively, and the step of curing the barrier layer is continued until the second leakage current is \xbd or less of the first leakage current.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the step of curing the barrier layer is continued until the second leakage current is 1100 or less of the first leakage current.
20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the step of curing the barrier layer is conducted without substantially changing a mechanical strength of the barrier layer prior to the step of curing the barrier layer.
21. The method according to claim 16, wherein the low-k film is constituted by C-doped silicon oxide or N-added, C-doped silicon oxide.
22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the barrier layer is constituted by O-doped silicon carbide or N-doped silicon carbide.