1. A computer readable medium having a data structure, the data structure comprising:
a log for storing snapshot mappings, wherein said mappings are stored in said log when a page of a snapshot is copied from a database storage to a snapshot storage, and wherein at least one of said mappings is a first mapping retained for said snapshot;
a plurality of partitioned levels for storing said snapshot mappings having a first level and at least one subsequent level, wherein partitions of said first level are populated by said mappings of said log, and wherein partitions of at least one of said subsequent levels are populated by copies of the first encountered mappings from partitions of a previous level, and wherein a last mapping of a partition is linked to a first mapping of a subsequent partition of the same level, and, additionally, wherein a last mapping of a partition not of a last level is linked to a mapping in said subsequent level which immediately follows the last of said copies of first encountered mappings of said partition not of said last level; and
a table for locating within said first level a first mapping retained for said snapshot.
2. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein said last level is a second level.
3. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein each of said levels has one partition.
4. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein each of said levels is a level with a minimum write cost.
5. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the data structure further comprises a second table for determining if said page of said snapshot is located in said snapshot storage or in said database storage.
6. A method for locating a needed snapshot page mapping of a snapshot, comprising
a) locating a first mapping retained for a snapshot within a partition of a first level of a plurality of partitioned levels, wherein said levels are adapted for storing snapshot mappings of the snapshot, and wherein said mappings are stored when a page of the snapshot is copied from a database storage to a snapshot storage, and wherein at least one of said mappings is a first mapping retained for the snapshot, and wherein partitions of said first level are populated by said mappings, and wherein partitions of a subsequent level are populated by copies of first encountered mappings from partitions of a previous level, and wherein a last mapping of a partition is linked to a first mapping of a subsequent partition of the same level, and, additionally, wherein a last mapping of a partition not of said last level is linked to a mapping in said subsequent level which immediately follows the last of said copies of first encountered mappings of said partition not of said last level;
b) setting a current mapping to said first mapping retained for a snapshot;
c) setting a current mapping to the next mapping in a current partition if a current mapping is not the needed snapshot page mapping and a current mapping is not the last mapping of said current partition;
d) repeating step (c) until a current mapping is a last mapping of said current partition, if said current mapping is not the needed snapshot page mapping;
e) setting said current mapping to a mapping linked to in said subsequent level by said last mapping if said current mapping is the last mapping of a partition and the mapping is in a partition not of said last level;
f) setting said current mapping to a mapping linked to in said last level by said last mapping if said current mapping is the last mapping of a partition and the mapping is in a partition of said last level;
g) setting said current partition to a partition containing said current mapping linked to by said last mapping; and
h) repeating steps (c)-(g) until the needed snapshot page mapping is located.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein step (a) includes placing said first mapping retained for the snapshot in a page table of the snapshot, and wherein step (c) includes placing said current mapping in said page table if said mapping is a first encountered mapping in said snapshot.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
h) determining all pages of the snapshot located in said database storage using a second table for determining if said page of said snapshot is located in said snapshot storage or in said database; and
i) placing all of said mappings of the snapshot located in said database storage in said page table.
9. The method of claim 6, further comprising obtaining a plurality of said needed snapshot mappings for a plurality of said snapshots in a range by repeating steps (a)-(h) for each of said plurality of said snapshots.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said plurality of said snapshots are arranged chronologically.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein said plurality of said snapshots are arranged sequentially.
12. The method of claim 9, further comprising obtaining a plurality of said snapshot mappings for said plurality of said snapshots in a range, by repeating steps (a)-(h) wherein in step (e) said first level is treated as said last level between the first mapping retained for the first snapshot in said snapshot range and the first mapping retained for the last snapshot in said snapshot range, then repeating steps (a)-(h), starting with the first mapping retained for the last snapshot of said snapshot range.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein step (a) includes placing said first mapping retained for the first snapshot in the snapshot range in a page table of said first snapshot, and wherein step (c) includes placing said current mapping in a page table for each of said snapshots in said range for which said current mapping is a first encountered mapping.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the method is performed in a single scan such that all said mappings are read exactly once.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A composition, comprising: at least one kind of cation and at least one kind of anion, wherein the cation or the anion is a fungicide and the other of the cation or anion has a bioactive property.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is a fungicide and the anion has the bioactive property selected from the group consisting of an herbicidal active, a pesticidal active, a nutritional active, an algaecidal active, an insecticidal active, a miticidal active, a molluscicidal active, a nematicidal active, a rodenticidal active, and a virucidal active.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anion is a fungicide and the cation has the bioactive property selected from the group consisting of an herbicidal active, a pesticidal active, a nutritional active, an algaecidal active, an insecticidal active, a miticidal active, a molluscicidal active, a nematicidal active, a rodenticidal active, and a virucidal active
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is a demethylation inhibitor.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation or anion having the bioactive property is a surfactant or a penetration enhancer.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the penetration enhancer is docusate, a C10-C26 fatty acid anion, or an anionic PEG compound.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of a thiabendazole cation, an imazalil cation, an imidazolium cation, and a prochloraz cation.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the imidazolium cation is a benzimidazolium cation.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of docusate, stearate, a dithiocarbamate anion.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation selected from the group consisting of ethylmethyl-imidazolium, thiabendazole, carbendazim, prochloraz, propamocarb, fluazinam, imazalil, and benthiavalicarb-isopropyl; and wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of docusate, ebdtc, C10-C26 fatty acid, and PEG sulfate.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is thiabendazole and the anion is docusate.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is thiabendazole and the anion is stearate.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is imazalil and the anion is docusate.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cation is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and anion is ethylenbis(dithiocarbamate).
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. (canceled)
18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an ionic liquid and is liquid at a temperature at or below about 25\xb0 C.
19. (canceled)
20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an ionic liquid and is liquid at a temperature from about 0\xb0 C. to about 120\xb0 C.
21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an ionic liquid and is liquid at a temperature of about 37\xb0 C.
22. (canceled)
23. A method of preventing or inhibiting fungal growth on a plant, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of claim 1 to the plant.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the plant is a potato plant.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the fungus comprises a late potato blight fungus.
26. The method of claim 23, wherein the fungus comprises a Fusarium fungus.
27. The method of claim 23, wherein the pathogen comprises a Phytophthora species.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the Phytophthora species is Phytophthora erythroseptica.
29. A method of preparing a composition, comprising:
combining at least one kind of cation or its precursor and at least one kind of anion or its precursor, wherein at least one of the cation or its precursor or the anion or its precursor is a fungicide and the other has a bioactive property.
30. The method of claim 29, further comprising diluting the composition with a solvent.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein combining the cation and the anion is accomplished by a metathesis reaction.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein combining the cation precursor and the anion precursor is accomplished by an acid-based neutralization reaction.