1. A fuel composition comprising or obtainable from a mixture comprising:
(a) limonane;
(b) a petroleum-based fuel;
(c) a fuel additive; and
(d) p-cymene,
wherein the amount of the limonane compound is at least about 11 vol. %, the amount of the petroleum-based fuel is at least about 5 vol. %, and the amount of the p-cymene is from about 1 vol. % to about 25 vol. %, all amounts based on the total volume of the fuel composition, and wherein the fuel composition has a flash point equal to or greater than 38\xb0 C.
2. A jet fuel composition comprising:
(a) limonane;
(b) a petroleum-based fuel;
(c) a jet fuel additive; and
(d) p-cymene,
wherein the amount of the limonane compound is at least about 11 vol. %, the amount of the petroleum-based fuel is at least about 5 vol. %, and the amount of the p-cymene is from about 1 vol. % to about 25 vol. %, all amounts based on the total volume of the jet fuel composition, and wherein the fuel composition has a density from about 750 kgm3 to about 850 kgm3 at 15\xb0 C., a flash point equal to or greater than 38\xb0 C.
3. The fuel compositions of claim 1 or 2, wherein the limonane is
or a combination thereof.
4. The fuel compositions of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the limonane is from about 11 vol. % to about 15 vol. %, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
5. The fuel compositions of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the limonane is from about 15 vol. % to about 80 vol. %, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
6. The fuel compositions of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the limonane is from about 20 vol. % to about 75 vol. %, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
7. The fuel compositions of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the limonane is from about 25 vol. % to about 75 vol. %, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
8. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the p-cymene is at most about 25 vol. %, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
9. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the petroleum-based fuel is kerosene.
10. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel composition has a density from about 750 kgm3 to about 850 kgm3 at 15\xb0 C.
11. The fuel composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the petroleum-based fuel is Jet A, Jet A-1 or Jet B.
12. The fuel composition of claim 11, wherein the fuel composition meets the ASTM D 1655 specification for Jet A.
13. The fuel composition of claim 11, wherein the fuel composition meets the ASTM D 1655 specification for Jet A-1.
14. The fuel composition of claim 11, wherein the fuel composition meets the ASTM D 1655 specification for Jet B.
15. The jet fuel composition of claim 2, wherein the fuel additive is at least one additive selected from the group consisting of an oxygenate, an antioxidant, a thermal stability improver, a stabilizer, a cold flow improver, a combustion improver, an anti-foam, an anti-haze additive, a corrosion inhibitor, a lubricity improver, an icing inhibitor, an injector cleanliness additive, a smoke suppressant, a drag reducing additive, a metal deactivator, a dispersant, a detergent, a de-emulsifier, a dye, a marker, a static dissipater, a biocide, and combinations thereof.
16. A method of making a fuel composition comprising:
(a) contacting an isoprenoid starting material with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form a limonane and p-cymene; and
(b) mixing the limonane and p-cymene with a petroleum-based fuel to make the fuel composition;
wherein the amount of the limonane compound is at least about 11 vol. %, the amount of the petroleum-based fuel is at least about 5 vol. %, and the amount of the p-cymene is from about 1 vol. % to about 25 vol. %, all amounts based on the total volume of the fuel composition, and wherein the fuel composition has a flash point equal to or greater than 38\xb0 C.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the isoprenoid starting material is limonene, \u03b2-phellandrene, \u03b3-terpinene, terpinolene, or a combination thereof.
18. A method of making a fuel composition from a simple sugar comprising:
(a) contacting a cell capable of making an isoprenoid starting material with the simple sugar under conditions suitable for making the isoprenoid starting material;
(b) converting the isoprenoid starting material to limonane; and
(c) mixing the limonane with a petroleum-based fuel to make the fuel composition,
wherein the amount of the limonane compound is at least about 11 vol. % and the amount of the petroleum-based fuel is at least about 5 vol. %, both amounts based on the total volume of the fuel composition, and wherein the fuel composition has a flash point equal to or greater than 38\xb0 C.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the isoprenoid starting material is limonene, \u03b2-phellandrene, \u03b3-terpinene, terpinolene, or a combination thereof.
20. A fuel composition made by the method of either of any of claims 16-19.
21. A vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine, a fuel tank connected to the internal combustion engine, and a fuel composition in the fuel tank, wherein the fuel composition is the fuel composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the limonane compound is at least about 11 vol. %, the amount of the petroleum-based fuel is at least about 5 vol. %, and the amount of the p-cymene is from about 1 vol. % to about 25 vol. %, all amounts based on the total volume of the fuel composition, and wherein the fuel composition has a flash point equal to or greater than 38\xb0 C., and wherein the fuel composition is used to power the internal combustion engine.
22. A method of powering an engine comprising the step of combusting the fuel composition of claim 1 or 2 in the engine.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the engine is a jet engine.
24. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the total amount of aromatic compounds in the fuel composition is from about 15% to about 35% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
25. The fuel composition of claim 2, wherein the total amount of aromatic compounds in the fuel composition is from about 15% to about 35% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
26. The method of claim 16, wherein the total amount of aromatic compounds in the fuel composition is from about 15% to about 35% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A mounting structure for a rig, comprising:
a base configured to support the mounting structure on an operating surface,
a plurality of transport systems operatively connected to the base and configured to lift the mounting structure off of the operating surface;
an elevated rig platform connected to the base by a plurality of support struts, wherein at least some of the support struts comprise a mounting connection that pivots to lower the elevated rig platform toward the base and place the mounting structure in a partially collapsed state; and
a connecting member attached to one or more of the plurality of transport systems, wherein in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered to the partially collapsed state, the connecting member is configured to displace at least a portion of the one or more transport systems.
2. The mounting structure of claim 1, wherein the one or more transport systems are configured to contact the operating surface at a load bearing position while lifting the mounting structure, and wherein the connecting member is configured to displace the portion of the one or more transport systems away from the load bearing position when the mounting structure is in the partially collapsed state.
3. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the connecting member is attached to one of the support struts, and wherein the connecting member is configured to displace the portion of the one or more transport systems in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered.
4. The mounting structure of claim 3, wherein the one or more transport systems comprise:
a transport device configured to contact the operating surface; and
a strut connection mounted to the base at a location above the transport device, wherein the portion of the one or more transport systems that is configured to be displaced by the connecting member comprises the strut connection.
5. The mounting structure of claim 4, wherein the strut connection is detachably mounted to the base, and wherein the strut connection is configured to be laterally displaced by the connecting member after being detached from the base, without displacing the transport device.
6. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the connecting member is attached to the elevated rig platform, and wherein the connecting member is configured to displace the portion of the one or more transport systems in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered.
7. The mounting structure of claim 6, wherein the one or more transport systems comprise:
a transport device configured to contact the operating surface; and
a strut connection attached to the connecting member at a location above the transport device, wherein the portion of the one or more transport systems that is displaced by the connecting member comprises both the strut connection and the transport device.
8. A mounting structure for a rig, comprising:
a base configured to support the mounting structure on an operating surface;
means for lifting the base off of the operating surface;
an elevated rig platform connected to the base by a plurality of support struts, wherein at least some of the support struts comprise a mounting connection that pivots to lower the elevated rig platform toward the base and place the mounting structure in a partially collapsed state; and
means for displacing at least a portion of the means for lifting in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered to the partially collapsed state, wherein the portion of the means for lifting is displaced while the base remains in contact with the operating surface.
9. The mounting structure of claim 8, wherein the base comprises two walls connected by a horizontal connecting structure, wherein both of the two walls are configured to contact the operating surface, and wherein the means for lifting fits between the two walls.
10. The mounting structure of claim 9, wherein the portion of the means for lifting is located above the horizontal connecting structure, and wherein the means for displacing comprises means for laterally displacing the portion of the means for lifting.
11. The mounting structure of claim 10, wherein the means for displacing operatively connects the portion of the means for lifting to one of the support struts that includes the mounting connection that pivots.
12. The mounting structure of claim 8, wherein the means for displacing connects the elevated rig platform to the means for lifting, and wherein the means for displacing comprises means for rotationally displacing the portion of the means for lifting.
13. The mounting structure of claim 8, wherein the base extends substantially along an entire length of the mounting structure, and wherein the means for lifting is connected to an end of the base and is located outside of the length of the mounting structure.
14. The mounting structure of claim 13, wherein the means for lifting is pivotably connected to the end of the base, and wherein the means for displacing comprises means for rotationally displacing the portion of the means for lifting.
15. A method for placing a mounting structure in a partially collapsed state, comprising:
supporting a base of the mounting structure on an operating surface;
lifting, with a transport system, the base off of the operating surface to move the mounting structure to a destination;
lowering, with the transport system, the base to contact the operating surface at the destination;
lowering an elevated platform connected to the base by a plurality of support struts, wherein the elevated platform is lowered while the base is in contact with the operating surface, and wherein at least some of the support struts comprise a mounting connection that pivots to lower the elevated rig platform toward the base; and
displacing, with a connecting member, at least a portion of the transport system in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered, wherein the portion of the transport system is displaced by the connecting member while the base remains in contact with the operating surface.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the transport system contacts the operating surface at a load bearing position while lifting the mounting structure, and wherein the connecting member displaces the portion of the transport system away from the load bearing position while the elevated rig platform is being lowered.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the base comprises two walls connected by a horizontal connecting structure, wherein both of the two walls are configured to contact the operating surface, and wherein the transport system fits between the two walls.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the portion of the transport system is located above the horizontal connecting structure, and wherein displacing the portion of the transport system comprises laterally displacing the portion of the transport system along the horizontal connecting structure in response to the elevated rig platform being lowered.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the connecting member attaches the portion of the transport system to one of the support struts that includes the mounting connection that pivots.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the base extends substantially along an entire length of the mounting structure, wherein the transport system is connected to an end of the base, and wherein the portion of the transport system is rotationally displaced about the end of the base.