What is claimed is:
1. In a computing environment having a connection to a network, computer readable code readable by a computer system in said environment, for enabling a server computer within the computing environment to both authenticate a user of a client computer within the computing environment and to verify that the user is authorized to request that the server computer carry out a requested action, comprising:
a digital certificate assigned to the user of the client computer, the digital certificate comprising a first code portion and a second code portion,
wherein the first code portion of the digital certificate is configured enable authentication of the user, the first code portion defines a public key, a certificate serial number, a certificate validity period, a digital signature of the certificate authority, and an extension field,
and wherein the second code portion of the digital certificate is configured to define an authority of the user of the client computer to request that the server computer carry out the requested action, the second code portion being configured for inclusion within the extension field of the first code portion, the authority of the user defined within the second code portion of the certificate being verifiable by the server computer independently of the digital certificate.
2. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the digital certificate conforms to the X.509 standard.
3. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the second code portion is configured as XML code.
4. The computer readable code of claim 3, wherein the XML code is compliant with a DSML standard.
5. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the authority of the user of the client computer is stored in a hierarchical authority data structure that is accessible by the server computer.
6. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the authority of the user defined within the second code portion of the certificate is verifiable by the server computer accessing a store of authority information that is independent of the received certificate.
7. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the authority defined within the second code portion defines access rights of the user to data and programs within the computing environment.
8. The computer readable code of claim 1, wherein the authority defined within the second code portion defines rights of the user to issue payment requests.
9. A computer-implemented method for ensuring non-repudiation of a payment request, the payment request being generated in a computing environment having a connection to a network, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving, over the network, the payment request together with a certificate identifying a user having caused the payment request to be generated, the certificate including certificate-identifying information and user-identifying information, the certificate further including authority information defining an authority of the user to make the payment request;
validating the certificate-identifying information and the user-identifying information included within the received certificate;
validating the authority information included within the received certificate, and
executing of the payment request only when the certificate-identifying information, the user-identifying information and the authority information within the received certificate is successfully validated.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the payment request is for a predetermined amount and wherein the payment request is authorized only when the validating steps are successful and when the authority information for the user stored in the hierarchical authority data structure lists an authorized amount for the user at least equal to the predetermined amount.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the certificate received in the receiving step conforms to the X.509 standard.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the authority information is configured as XML code.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the XML code is compliant with a DSML standard.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the authority information is validated by accessing a store of authority information that is independent of the received certificate.
15. A software application configured to carry out a financial transaction, the application being configured to run on a computer coupled to a network, and comprising, stored on a computer-readable medium:
certificate receiving code which is configured to receive a digital certificate from a user over the network, the certificate including certificate-identifying information and user-identifying information, the certificate further including authority information that defines an authority granted to the user to request that the financial transaction be carried out;
certificate validating code configured to enable validation of the certificate-identifying information and user-identifying information within the received certificate, and
authorization validating code configured to enable validation of the authority information within the received certificate against corresponding authority information for the user stored in a data structure that is independent of the received certificate.
16. The software application of claim 15, wherein the digital certificate conforms to the X.509 standard.
17. The software application of claim 15, wherein the authority information is configured as XML code.
18. The software application of claim 17, wherein the XML code is compliant with a DSML standard.
19. The software application of claim 15, wherein the authority defined by the authority information within the received certificate also defines rights of the user to access predetermined data and programs within the network.
20. A computer-implemented method for controlling authority of employees of a company within in a computing environment, the company having a hierarchical management structure, the method comprising the steps of:
creating or receiving a primary digital certificate, the primary digital certificate including primary authority information that defines and grants primary rights to a primary employee as defined by the hierarchical management structure;
creating secondary digital certificates and assigning the created secondary certificates to selected secondary employees requiring access to the computing environment, each of the selected secondary employees occupying a predefined position within the hierarchical management structure that is hierarchically lower than that of the primary employee, each of the secondary certificates including secondary authority information that defines and grants secondary rights, the secondary rights being derivative from the primary rights and being commensurate with the predefined position of the selected secondary employee within the hierarchical management structure, and
allowing each selected secondary employee to exercise only those rights within the computing environment that are granted by the secondary rights defined within the assigned secondary certificate.
21. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the primary and secondary certificates conform to the X.509 standard.
22. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the primary and secondary authority information are encoded within the primary and secondary certificates as XML code.
23. The computer-implemented method of claim 22, wherein the XML code is compliant with a DSML standard.
24. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the secondary rights defined within at least one of the secondary certificates are derivative from secondary rights defined within another secondary certificate.
25. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further including a step of revoking a secondary certificate to a terminated secondary employee, the revoking step being operative to revoke all certificates to secondary employees of the company that report to the terminated secondary employee, which revokes all secondary rights that are derivative from the secondary rights granted by the revoked secondary certificate.
26. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further including a step of revoking a secondary certificate to a terminated secondary employee, the revoking step being operative to revoke all secondary rights that are derivative from the secondary rights granted by the revoked secondary certificate.
27. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the primary and secondary rights define access rights to data and programs within the computing environment.
28. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the primary and secondary rights each define amounts to which the primary and each of the secondary employees, respectively, are authorized to bind the company.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A refrigeration door adapted for use in a refrigerating compartment, said door comprising:
an inner sheet of glass including a first surface and a second surface, said first surface of said inner sheet being disposed adjacent the interior of the refrigerating compartment;
an outer sheet of glass including a first surface and a second surface, said first surface of said outer sheet being disposed adjacent the exterior environment of the refrigerating compartment;
a middle sheet of glass disposed between said inner and outer sheets of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said inner sheet of glass and said middle sheet of glass for maintaining said inner sheet and said middle sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said middle sheet of glass and said outer sheet of glass for maintaining said middle sheet and said outer sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent the second surface of said inner sheet of glass;
a second low emissivity coating adjacent the second surface of said outer sheet of glass;
said inner sheet, outer sheet, middle sheet, first sealant assembly, second sealant assembly, and said first and second low emissivity coatings forming an insulating glass unit having a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F substantially preventing the formation of condensation on said first surface of said outer sheet of glass without the application of electricity for heating said first surface of said outer sheet of glass; and
a frame secured around the periphery of said insulating glass unit.
2. The refrigeration door of claim 1, further comprising:
a first chamber defined by said inner sheet of glass, said middle sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly;
a second chamber defined by said middle sheet of glass, said outer sheet of glass, and said second sealant assembly; and
a gas disposed in each of said first and second chambers.
3. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein:
said inner, said middle, and said outer sheets of glass have a thickness substantially equal to one eighth of an inch;
said inner and said middle sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch; and
said middle and said outer sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch.
4. Canceled.
5. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
6. The refrigeration door of claim 5, wherein:
said inner, said middle and said outer sheets of glass having a thickness substantially equal to one eighth of an inch;
said inner and said middle sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch; and
said middle and said outer sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch.
7. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said gas in said first chamber and said second chamber are the same.
8. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said gas in said first chamber and said second chamber are not the same.
9. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
10. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
11. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said outer sheet and said inner sheet each have an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.05.
12. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said outer sheet and said inner sheet each have an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.03.
13. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04.
14. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
15. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
16. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said first and second low emissivity coatings are selected from the group consisting of a titania based silver and fluorine doped tin oxide.
17. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said first and second low emissivity coatings are applied with a process selected from the group consisting of sputter coating, pyrolytic coating and spray coating.
18. The refrigeration door of claim 2, wherein said frame is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of extruded plastic, aluminum, and fiber glass.
19. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus twenty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
20. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus forty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than eighty degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
21. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than zero degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy two degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the ambient environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
22. Canceled.
23. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
24. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.51 Btuhr-ft-F.
25. The refrigeration door of claim 1, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 0.84 Btuhr-ft-F.
26. A refrigeration door adapted to be mounted on a refrigerating compartment, said door comprising:
an inner sheet of glass including a first surface and a second surface, said first surface of said inner sheet being disposed adjacent the interior of the refrigerating compartment;
an outer sheet of glass including a first surface and a second surface, said first surface of said outer sheet being disposed adjacent the exterior environment of the refrigerating compartment;
a middle sheet of glass disposed between said inner and outer sheets of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said inner sheet of glass and said middle sheet of glass for maintaining said inner sheet and said middle sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said middle sheet of glass and said outer sheet of glass for maintaining said middle sheet and said outer sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent the second surface of said inner sheet of glass;
a second low emissivity coating adjacent the second surface of said outer sheet of glass;
said inner sheet, outer sheet, middle sheet, first sealant assembly, second sealant assembly, and said first and second low emissivity coatings forming an insulating glass unit having an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04 substantially preventing the formation of condensation on said first surface of said outer sheet of glass without the application of electricity for heating said first surface of said outer sheet of glass; and
a frame secured around the periphery of said insulating glass unit.
27. The refrigeration door of claim 26, further comprising:
a first chamber defined by said inner sheet of glass, said middle sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly;
a second chamber defined by said middle sheet of glass, said outer sheet of glass, and said second sealant assembly; and
a gas disposed in each of said first and second chambers.
28. The refrigeration door of claim 27, wherein:
said inner, said middle, and said outer sheets of glass have a thickness substantially equal to one eighth of an inch;
said inner and said middle sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch; and
said middle and said outer sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch.
29. Canceled.
30. The refrigeration door of claim 27, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
31. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
32. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said outer sheet and said inner sheet each have an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.05.
33. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said outer sheet and said inner sheet each have an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.03.
34. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
35. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
36. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
37. The refrigeration door of claim 27, wherein said low emissivity coatings are selected from the group consisting of a titania based silver and fluorine doped tin oxide.
38. The refrigeration door of claim 27, wherein said low emissivity coatings are applied with a process selected from the group consisting of sputter coating, pyrolytic coating and spray coating.
39. The refrigeration door of claim 27, wherein said frame is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of extruded plastic, aluminum, and fiber glass.
40. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus twenty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
41. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus forty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than eighty degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
42. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than zero degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy-two degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the ambient environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein said first surface of said outer sheet of glass is substantially free of condensation.
43. Canceled.
44. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
45. The refrigeration door of claim 26, said wherein first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.51 Btuhr-ft-F.
46. The refrigeration door of claim 26, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 0.84 Btuhr-ft-F.
47. A refrigeration door having an outer surface and adapted for use in a refrigerating compartment, said door comprising:
a first sheet of glass;
a second sheet of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass for maintaining said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet or said second sheet of glass;
said first sheet and second sheets of glass, said first sealant assembly, and said first low emissivity coating forming an insulating glass unit having a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F; and
a frame secured around the periphery of said insulating glass unit.
48. The refrigerator door of claim 47, further comprising:
a third sheet of glass;
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third sheet of glass for maintaining said second sheet and said third sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
wherein said insulating glass unit further includes said third sheet of glass and said second sealant assembly.
49. The refrigeration door of claim 48, further including a second low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet, said second sheet, or said third sheet of glass.
50. The refrigeration door of claim 49, wherein the U value of said insulating glass unit is effective to substantially prevent the formation of condensation on the outer surface of the door without the application of electricity for heating the outer surface when the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than zero degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy-two degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the ambient environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
51. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein the U value of said insulating glass unit is effective to substantially prevent the formation of condensation on the outer surface of the door without the application of electricity for heating the outer surface when the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than zero degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy-two degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the ambient environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
52. The refrigeration door of claim 51, further comprising:
a first chamber defined by said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly; and
a gas disposed in said first chamber.
53. The refrigeration door of claim 52, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
54. The refrigeration door of claim 52, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
55. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
56. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04.
57. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
58. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
59. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus twenty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein the outer surface of the door is substantially free of condensation.
60. The refrigeration door of claim 47, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus forty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than eighty degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent; and wherein the outer surface of the door is substantially free of condensation.
61. A refrigeration door having an outside surface and adapted to be mounted on a refrigerating compartment, said door comprising:
a first sheet of glass;
a second sheet of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass for maintaining said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet or said second sheet of glass;
said first sheet and second sheets of glass, said first sealant assembly, and said first low emissivity coating forming an insulating glass unit having an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04 substantially preventing the formation of condensation on the outside surface of the refrigeration door without the application of electricity for heating said outer surface; and
a frame secured around the periphery of said insulating glass unit.
62. The refrigeration door of claim 61, further comprising:
a third sheet of glass;
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third sheet of glass for maintaining said second sheet and said third sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
wherein said insulating glass unit further includes said third sheet of glass and said second sealant assembly.
63. The refrigeration door of claim 62, further including a second low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet, said second sheet, or said third sheet of glass.
64. The refrigeration door of claim 61, further comprising:
a first chamber defined by said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly; and
a gas disposed in said first chamber.
65. The refrigeration door of claim 64, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
66. The refrigeration door of claim 65, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
67. The refrigeration door of claim 61, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
68. The refrigeration door of claim 61, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.20 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
69. The refrigeration door of claim 61, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
70. The refrigeration door of claim 61, wherein insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
71. A method of manufacturing a refrigeration door component having an outer surface, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a first sheet of glass providing a second sheet of glass;
providing a first low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet of glass or said second sheet of glass;
disposing a first sealant assembly around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass to maintain said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly forming an insulating glass unit having a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F substantially preventing the formation of condensation on the outer surface of the refrigeration door component without the application of electricity for heating the door component.
72. The method of claim 71, wherein said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly define a first chamber; and further comprising the step of disposing a gas in said first chamber.
73. The method of claim 71, further comprising the steps of:
providing a third sheet of glass;
disposing a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third of glass for maintaining said second sheet and said third sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
wherein said insulating glass unit further includes said third sheet of glass and said second sealant assembly.
74. The method of claim 73, wherein said third sheet of glass includes a low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said third sheet of glass.
75. Canceled.
76. The method of claim 71, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
77. The method of claim 76, wherein:
said first and said second sheets of glass having a thickness substantially equal to one eighth of an inch; and
said first and said second sheets of glass being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to one half inch.
78. The method of claim 71, further including the step of disposing said insulating glass unit in a door frame.
79. The method of claim 72, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
80. The method of claim 71, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
81. The method of claim 71, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04.
82. The method of claim 71, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
83. The method of claim 71, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
84. The method of claim 71, wherein said low emissivity coating is selected from the group consisting of a titania based silver and fluorine doped tin oxide.
85. The method of claim 71, wherein said low emissivity coating is applied with a process selected from the group consisting of sputter coating, pyrolytic coating and spray coating.
86. Canceled.
87. The method of claim 73, wherein said first and second sealant assemblies have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
88. The method of claim 71, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.51 Btuhr-ft-F.
89. The method of claim 71, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 0.84 Btuhr-ft-F.
90. A method of manufacturing a refrigeration door component having an outer surface, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a first sheet of glass;
providing a second sheet of glass;
providing a first low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet of glass or said second sheet of glass;
disposing a first sealant assembly around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass to maintain said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly forming an insulating glass unit having an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04 substantially preventing the formation of condensation on the outer surface of the refrigeration door component without the application of electricity for heating the door component.
91. The method of claim 90, wherein said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly define a first chamber; and further comprising the step of disposing a gas in said first chamber.
92. The method of claim 90, further comprising the steps of:
providing a third sheet of glass;
disposing a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third of glass for maintaining said second sheet and said third sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other; and
wherein said insulating glass unit further includes said third sheet of glass and said second sealant assembly.
93. The method of claim 92, wherein said third sheet of glass includes a low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said third sheet of glass.
94. The method of claim 90, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
95. The method of claim 90, further including the step of disposing said insulating glass unit in a door frame.
96. The method of claim 91, further including the step of disposing said insulating glass unit in a door frame.
97. The method of claim 96, wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton, and air.
98. The method of claim 90, wherein said insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
99. The method of claim 90, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
100. The method of claim 90, wherein said insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.0025.
101. The method of claim 92, wherein said first and second sealant assemblies have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
102. The method of claim 90, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.51 Btuhr-ft-F.
103. The method of claim 90, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 0.84 Btuhr-ft-F.
104. A substantially transparent insulating glass unit door having an outer surface and being for use with a refrigerating compartment residing in an exterior environment and having an interior refrigerating compartment; said insulating glass unit door comprising:
a first sheet of glass;
a second sheet of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass for maintaining said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet or said second sheet of glass, and
said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly providing the insulating glass unit with a U value effective to substantially prevent the formation condensation on the outer surface without the application of a electricity to heat the outer surface of the insulating glass unit when the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than zero degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
105. The door of claim 104, further comprising:
a third sheet of glass; and
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third of glass for maintaining said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other.
106. The door of claim 105, further including a second low emissivity coating adjacent a surface of said first sheet, said second sheet or said third sheet of glass.
107. The door of claim 106 wherein the insulating glass unit has a U value that substantially prevents the formation condensation on the outer surface when the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus forty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is at substantially equal to or greater than eighty degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
108. The door of claim 106, wherein said low emissivity coating is effective to cause the insulating glass unit to have a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
109. The door of claim 105, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
110. The door of claim 104, wherein the insulating glass unit has a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.16 BTUhr-sq ft-F.
111. The door of claim 104, wherein said first sheet or second sheet has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.05.
112. The door of claim 104, wherein the insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04.
113. The door of claim 104, wherein the insulating glass unit has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
114. The door of claim 104, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus twenty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than seventy degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
115. The door of claim 104, wherein the interior temperature of the refrigerating compartment is substantially equal to or less than minus forty degrees Fahrenheit; the temperature of the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than eighty degrees Fahrenheit; and the humidity in the exterior environment is substantially equal to or greater than sixty percent.
116. The door of claim 105, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
117. A refrigeration unit including an insulated enclosure defining a compartment, a cooling system, and a door adapted to be mounted on an opening of said compartment, said door having an outer surface and comprising:
a first sheet of glass;
a second sheet of glass;
a first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said first sheet of glass and said second sheet of glass for maintaining said first sheet and said second sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other;
a first low emissivity coating adjacent the a surface of said first or said second sheet of glass;
said first sheet, second sheet, first sealant assembly, and said first low emissivity coating forming an insulating glass unit having a U value substantially equal to or less than 0.2. BTUhr-sq ft-F substantially preventing the formation of condensation on the outer surface of the door without the application of electricity for heating said first surface; and
a frame secured around the periphery of said insulating glass unit.
118. The refrigeration unit of claim 117, further comprising:
a third sheet of glass; and
a second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of said second sheet of glass and said third of glass for maintaining said second sheet and said third sheet in spaced-apart relationship from each other.
119. The refrigeration unit of claim 117, further comprising:
a first chamber defined by said first sheet of glass, said second sheet of glass, and said first sealant assembly;
a second chamber defined by said middle sheet of glass, said outer sheet of glass, and said second sealant assembly; and
a gas disposed in each of said first and second chambers.
120. The refrigeration unit of claim 118, wherein said first sealant assembly and said second sealant assembly each have a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.
121. The refrigeration unit of claim 117, wherein the refrigeration door has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.04.
122. The refrigeration unit of claim 117, wherein the refrigeration door has an emissivity substantially equal to or less than 0.01.
123. The refrigeration unit of claim 117, wherein said first sealant assembly has a heat transfer rate substantially equal to or less than 1.73 Btuhr-ft-F.