1. A process for producing an aldehyde compound represented by the following formula (b1) or the following formula (b2) comprising:
a step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (a1) or the following formula (a2) with a hydrogen and a carbon monoxide in a presence of a compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 and a phosphorous compound so as to satisfy the following conditions (1) and (2);
wherein the condition (1) is that a content of a metal included in the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is 0.015 ppm mol to 100 ppm mol with respect to 1 mol of the compound represented by the following formula (a1) or (a2), and
wherein the condition (2) is that a molar ratio represented by the phosphorous compound (mol)the metal (mol) is 150 or more,
wherein, in the formula (a1), X represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an aldehyde group or \u2014CH\u2550NR group, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group; in the formula (a1) and the formula (a2), n represents 0, 1 or 2,
wherein n and X are previously described, and
wherein the reacting step further satisfies the condition (3) in which is that a molar ratio of \u201cthe phosphorous compound (mol)\u201d to \u201cthe compound (mol) represented by the formula (a1) or (a2)\u201d is 0.003 to 0.05.
2. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 1,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound, a cobalt compound, a ruthenium compound or an iron compound.
3. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 1,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound.
4. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 1,
wherein the compound represented by the formula (a1) is used, and the compound is represented by the following formula (1)
wherein, in the formula (1), X is the same as in the formula (a1).
5. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 1,
wherein the phosphorous compound is a trivalent phosphorous compound.
6. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 5,
wherein the trivalent phosphorous compound is selected from group consisting of triphenyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri(methylbenzene)phosphine, tri(ethylbenzene)phosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-binaphthyl, trimethoxy phosphite, triethoxy phosphite, tripropoxy phosphite, triisopropoxy phosphite, trimethyl phenyl phosphite and tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosphite.
7. The process for producing the aldehyde compound according to claim 1,
wherein the reacting step is carried out under solventless condition.
8. A process for producing an amine compound represented by the following formula (c1) or the following formula (c2) comprising:
a step (a) of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (a1) or the following formula (a2) with a hydrogen and a carbon monoxide in a presence of a compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 and a phosphorous compound so as to satisfy the following conditions (1) and (2) to synthesize an aldehyde compound represented by the following formula (b1) or the following formula (b2); and
a step (b) of reacting the aldehyde compound with an ammonia, and reacting with a hydrogen in a presence of a catalyst;
wherein the condition (1) is that a content of a metal included in the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is 0.015 ppm mol to 100 ppm mol with respect to 1 mol of the compound represented by the following formula (a1) or (a2), and
wherein the condition (2) is that a molar ratio represented by the phosphorous compound (mol)the metal (mol) is 150 or more,
wherein, in the formula (a1), X represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an aldehyde group or \u2014CH\u2550NR group, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group; in the formula (a1) and the formula (a2), n represents 0, 1 or 2,
wherein n and X are previously described,
wherein n is previously described, and
wherein the step (a) further satisfies the condition (3) in which is that a molar ratio of \u201cthe phosphorous compound (mol)\u201d to \u201cthe compound (mol) represented by the formula (a1) or (a2)\u201d is 0.003 to 0.05.
9. The process for producing the amine compound according to claim 8,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound, a cobalt compound, a ruthenium compound or an iron compound.
10. The process for producing the amine compound according to claim 8,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound.
11. The process for producing the amine compound according to claim 8,
wherein the compound represented by the formula (a1) is used, and that compound is represented by the following formula (1);
wherein, in the formula (1), X is the same as in the formula (a1).
12. The process for producing the isocyanate compound according to claim 11,
wherein the phosphorous compound is selected from group consisting of triphenyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri(methylbenzene)phosphine, tri(ethylbenzene)phosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-binaphthyl, trimethoxy phosphite, triethoxy phosphite, tripropoxy phosphite, triisopropoxy phosphite, trimethyl phenyl phosphite and tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosphite.
13. The process for producing the amine compound according to claim 8,
wherein the trivalent phosphorous compound is selected from group consisting of triphenyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri(methylbenzene)phosphine, tri(ethylbenzene)phosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-binaphthyl, trimethoxy phosphite, triethoxy phosphite, tripropoxy phosphite, triisopropoxy phosphite, trimethyl phenyl phosphite and tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosphite.
14. A process for producing an isocyanate compound represented by the following formula (d1) or the following formula (d2) comprising:
a step (a) of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (a1) or the following formula (a2) with a hydrogen and a carbon monoxide in a presence of a compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 and a phosphorous compound so as to satisfy the following conditions (1) and (2) to synthesize an aldehyde compound represented by the following formula (b1) or the following formula (b2);
a step (b) of reacting the aldehyde compound with an ammonia, and reacting with a hydrogen in a presence of a catalyst to synthesize an amine compound represented by the following formula (c1) or the following formula (c2); and
a step (c) of reacting the amine compound with a carbonylating agent;
wherein the condition (1) is that a content of a metal included in the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is 0.015 ppm mol to 100 ppm mol with respect to 1 mol of the compound represented by the formula (a1) or (a2), and
wherein the condition (2) is that a molar ratio represented by the phosphorous compound (mol)the metal (mol) is 150 or more,
wherein, in the formula (a1), X represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an aldehyde group or \u2014CH\u2550NR group, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group; in the formula (a1) and the formula (a2), n represents 0, 1 or 2, and
wherein aldehyde compounds represented by the following formula (b1) or the following formula (b2);
wherein the step (a) further satisfies the condition (3) in which is that a molar ratio of \u201cthe phosphorous compound (mol)\u201d to \u201cthe compound (mol) represented by the formula (a1) or (a2)\u201d is 0.003 to 0.05.
15. The process for producing the isocyanate compound according to claim 14,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound, a cobalt compound, a ruthenium compound or an iron compound.
16. The process for producing the isocyanate compound according to claim 14,
wherein the compound containing a metal belonging to Groups 8 to 10 is a rhodium compound.
17. The process for producing the isocyanate compound according to claim 14,
wherein the compound represented by the formula (a1) is used, and that compound is represented by the following formula (1)
wherein, in the formula (1), X is the same as in the formula (a1).
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A control system for an electrical machine, and comprising:
an observer configured to operate during a time when open loop control is being used to drive an electrical machine, and further configured to output a signal, E_I_angle, related to the angle between a rotational EMF vector and a current excitation vector provided by an inverter configured to control an electrical machine,
wherein the observer is configured to determine the angle by an iterative calculation comprising a summation term, the summation term summing the variation of a quadrature component of the rotational EMF vector relative to an estimated EMF position vector,
and wherein the controller system is configured to use the angle output by the observer to update the estimated angular position of the rotational EMF position vector.
2. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the observer is configured to use the output signal, E_I_angle, to determine the time of transition to closed loop control, when the observer output signal reaches a value below a threshold value indicating conditions close to pull out conditions.
3. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the observer is configured to use the output signal, E_I_angle, as a torque monitoring system for an open loop driven electrical machine, such that during relatively low levels of load torque, indicated by a large angle between the rotational EMF vector and the current excitation vector, the observer is configured to instruct the inverter to decrease the magnitude of the current excitation vector.
4. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the observer is configured to use the output signal, E_I_angle, as a torque monitoring system for an open loop driven electrical machine, such that during relatively high levels of load torque, indicated by a small angle between the rotational EMF vector and the current excitation vector, the observer is configured to instruct the inverter to increase the magnitude of the current excitation vector.
5. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the observer is configured to use the output signal, E_I_angle, as a torque monitoring system for an open loop driven electrical machine, such that during relatively low levels of load torque, indicated by a large angle between the rotational EMF vector and the current excitation vector, the observer is configured to instruct the inverter to progressively decrease the magnitude of the current excitation vector until the observer output signal, E_I_angle, reaches a value below a threshold value indicating conditions close to pull out conditions, and a smooth transition to closed loop control can be initiated.
6. The control system according to claim 1, configured to control a synchronous motor.
7. An observer for use in a control system for controlling an electrical machine, and configured to operate during a time when open loop control is being used to drive a electrical machine, and further configured to output a signal, E_I_angle, related to the angle between a rotational EMF vector and a current excitation vector provided by an inverter configured to control a electrical machine,
wherein the observer is configured to determine the angle by an iterative calculation comprising a summation term, the summation term summing the variation of a quadrature component of a rotational EMF vector relative to an estimated EMF position vector.
8. A method for controlling an electrical machine comprising:
operating an observer during a time when open loop control is being used to drive a electrical machine, the output of the observer being a signal, E_I_angle, related to the angle between a rotational EMF vector and a current excitation vector provided by an inverter configured to control a electrical machine;
determining, by the observer, the angle by an iterative calculation comprising a summation term, the summation term summing the variation of a quadrature component of a rotational EMF vector relative to an estimated EMF position vector; and
using the angle output by the observer to update the estimated angular position of the rotational EMF position vector.
9. A method for controlling an electrical machine operating in an open loop control configuration, the method comprising:
determining an angle, E_I_angle, between a rotational EMF vector and a current excitation vector provided for control the electrical machine; applying one or more control signals to the electrical machine, the control signals being determined in dependence on the E_I_angle; and
updating the EMF position vector based on the E_I_angle;
wherein the E_I_angle is determined in an iterative calculation comprising a summation term, the summation term summing the variation of a quadrature component of a rotational EMF vector relative to an estimated EMF position vector.
10. (canceled)
11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the E_I_angle is determined by the equation E_I_angle=\u03a3ki(0\u2212Es\u2014imag)\u2212kpEs\u2014imag where Es\u2014imag is the quadrature component of the rotational EMF vector, ki is a gain inversely related to Es\u2014real and kp is a gain value.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein kp is inversely related to Es\u2014real.
13. The method according to claim 9, wherein applying one or more control signals to the electrical machine comprises transitioning from an open loop control configuration to a closed loop sensorless control configuration.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein transitioning from an open loop control configuration to a closed loop sensorless control configuration is dependent on the magnitude of E_I_angle being less than or equal to a threshold value represented by a pull-out value, and on a maximum current excitation being already applied to the electrical machine
15. The method according to claim 9, wherein applying one or more control signals to the electrical machine comprises decreasing the current excitation to the electrical machine if the E_I_angle is negative and has a magnitude greater than a threshold value represented by a pull-out angle.
16. The method according to claim 9, wherein applying one or more control signals to the electrical machine comprises increasing the current excitation to the electrical machine if the magnitude of the E_I_angle is less than a threshold value represented by a pull-out angle and the maximum excitation current is not already applied to the electrical machine.
17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the increase or decrease of the excitation current is by a predetermined incremental value.
18. A computer readable medium comprising computer program code configured, when read by a computer, to carry out the method of claim 9.
19. An observer for use in a control system for controlling an electrical machine, the observer configured to carry out the method according to claim 9.
20. A control system for controlling an electrical machine comprising an observer according to claim 19.
21. An electrical machine comprising a control system according to claim 20.