What is claimed is:
1. A liquid crystal display comprising:
an array substrate including a plurality of scanning lines and a plurality of signal lines, said scanning lines and said signal lines being formed on a first substrate in the form of a matrix, a plurality of switching elements which are formed at points of intersection between said scanning lines and said signal lines, one end of each of said switching elements being connected to a corresponding one of said signal lines, and each of said switching elements carrying out a switching action in response to a signal of a corresponding one of said scanning lines, a plurality of pixel electrodes, each of which is connected to the other end of a corresponding one of said switching elements, and a first alignment layer which is formed on said first substrate so as to cover said pixel electrodes;
a counter substrate including a counter electrode which is formed on a second substrate, and a second alignment layer which is formed on said second substrate so as to cover said counter electrode; and
a light control layer sandwiched between said array substrate and said counter substrate, and including a liquid crystal material having a spontaneous polarization and having a nematic phase or an isotropic phase on a high-temperature side of a chiral smectic C phase, an optical axis of liquid crystal molecules in said light control layer substantially staying when no electric field or a first electric field of a first polarity are applied to said liquid crystal material, and said optical axis of said liquid crystal molecules responding in accordance with a magnitude of a second electric field of a second polarity different from said first polarity when said second electric field is applied to said liquid crystal material,
wherein an electric field between said scanning lines and said counter electrode has said first polarity when said switching elements turn on.
2. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said switching elements are disposed under said pixels.
3. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein a direction of a smectic layer in said light control layer has a distribution of 10 or less.
4. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of said switching elements has a negative TFT, and
said first alignment layer has an alignment characteristic that the spontaneous polarization of liquid crystal molecules is directed to said first substrate when no voltage is applied to said liquid crystal material.
5. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 4, wherein said first alignment layer is made of a polyacrylonitrile or a polyimide.
6. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of said switching elements has a positive TFT, and
said first alignment layer has an alignment characteristic that the spontaneous polarization of liquid crystal molecules is directed to said second substrate when no voltage is applied to said liquid crystal material.
7. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 6, wherein said first alignment layer is made of a nylon or a benzocyclobutene polymer.
8. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal in said light control layer has a tilted bookshelf structure.
9. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal molecules in said light control layer have an apparent tilt angle of substantially 22.5 or more.
10. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1, wherein a rubbing direction on said first alignment layer is anti-parallel to a rubbing direction on said second alignment layer.
11. A method for producing a liquid crystal display comprising an array substrate including a plurality of scanning lines and a plurality of signal lines, said scanning lines and said signal lines being formed on a first substrate in the form of a matrix, a plurality of switching elements which are formed at points of intersection between said scanning lines and said signal lines, one end of each of said switching elements being connected to a corresponding one of said signal lines, and each of said switching elements carrying out a switching action in response to a signal of a corresponding one of said scanning lines, a plurality of pixel electrodes, each of which is connected to the other end of a corresponding one of said switching elements, and a first alignment layer which is formed on said first substrate so as to cover said pixel electrodes; a counter substrate including a counter electrode which is formed on a second substrate, and a second alignment layer which is formed on said second substrate so as to cover said counter electrode; and a light control layer which is sandwiched between said array substrate and said counter substrate and which is made of a liquid crystal material having a spontaneous polarization and having a nematic phase or an isotropic phase on a high-temperature side of a chiral smectic C phase,
said method comprising:
forming a chiral smectic C phase with applying an electric field of a polarity between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode when a phase transition of said liquid crystal material from a nematic phase or an isotropic phase to the chiral smectic C phase occurs,
wherein said polarity of said electric field equals to a polarity of an electric field between said counter electrode and said scanning lines when said switching elements turn on.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A force accumulator for a tap changer wherein:
a longitudinally movable wind-up slide connected with a drive shaft and an also longitudinally movable jump slide connected to an output shaft are provided,
the wind-up slide and jump slide are slidable along guide rods extending in their travel direction,
between the windup slide and the jump slide there are force-storing springs,
the wind-up slide with each changeover of the load tap changer is moved linearly longitudinally in two alternating and opposite directions by the rotating input shaft so that the force-storing springs are loaded, and
shortly before reaching a new end position, the wind-up is slide the up-to-then blocked jump slide is released so that it suddenly follows the movement of the wind-up slide,
characterized in that,
exactly three parallel guide rods are provided, two rods of which are each surrounded by a respective force-storing spring,
the windup slide has three linear bearings each surrounding a respective one of the guide rods, and
the jump slide has three linear bearings each surrounding a respective one of the guide rods.
2. The force accumulator according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the forcestoring springs have ends mounted in seats that are all freely independently movable on the guide rods, and that the spring seats are carried at one end on the wind-up slide and at the other end on the jump slide such that the spring seats engage abutments of the wind-up slide and of the jump slide and are shifted by these parts in the two travel directions.
3. The force accumulator according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the force-storing springs have ends mounted in seats that are all freely independently movable on the guide rods, and that the spring seats are carried at one end on the wind-up slide and at the other end on the jump slide such that the spring seats engage abutments of the wind-up slide and of the jump slide and are shifted by these parts in both travel directions.
4. The force accumulator according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the jump slide has entrainment elements that coact with a roller pin on the eccentric disk, and
the roller pin is positioned such that shortly before reaching an end position the jump slide engages one of the elements such that still rotating eccentric disk pushes the jump slide into the new end position.