1. A method of determining the electromagnetic characteristics of bondwires in an electrical circuit, comprising the steps of:
defining, using a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and processor, a position of a bondwire in an electrical circuit layout;
defining a 3D position of the bondwire in the electrical circuit layout;
representing the bondwire by one or more discrete segments;
determining electromagnetic characteristics including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of each of the segments, as a single workflow process thereby to determine overall electromagnetic characteristics of the bondwire, using a procedure comprising the steps of
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations
selecting a pair of segments
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane; and
calculating using closed form equations at least one of
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane; and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
enabling a user to determine a loop shape of the bondwire, wherein the loop shape is selected by the user from a predetermined range of loop shapes, using a graphical user interface.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
enabling a user to determine a loop shape of the bondwire, wherein the loop shape is selected automatically based on properties of the electrical circuit such as selected interconnecting nodes of the bondwire within the electrical circuit.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the bondwire is further defined by one or more of:
diameter of the bondwire;
bondwire metal resistivity;
injection mould dielectric constant;
presence of a ground plane or other electromagnetic shield; and
substrate dielectric constant.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of:
determining the electromagnetic coupling between a bondwire segment and at least one proximal element in the electrical circuit wherein the relative positions of the bondwire segment and the proximal element are analyzed using vector analysis; and
determining the electromagnetic coupling of two or more proximal elements, wherein each proximal element is at least one of a second bondwire segment forming part of the bondwire, a segment of a proximal bondwire, and a proximal component.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein determining the electromagnetic coupling includes determining mutual inductance between the elements.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein determining the electromagnetic coupling includes determining coupling capacitance between the elements and wherein the coupling capacitance is determined by
dividing each bondwire segment and each proximal element into a plurality of infinitesimal sections,
calculating the coupling capacitance between the plurality of infinitesimal sections, and
integrating across each bondwire segment to calculate the coupling capacitance of each bondwire segment.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the use of a graphical user interface to enable a user to select the position of a bondwire in the electrical circuit, wherein the graphical user interface enables the user to define the position in a 2D representation of the electrical circuit and in a 3D representation of the electrical circuit.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of characterizing one or more bondwires in an electrical circuit and generating an output of the characteristics of all or part of the bondwires as a netlist.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the overall electromagnetic characteristics include resistance, inductance, capacitance, and mutual inductance (RLCK) of the bondwire.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
modeling of the self-inductance and resistance of the individual bondwire segments; and
wherein results of the modeling are stored in a format suitable for integration with known integrated circuit modeling and or manufacturing packages as a netlist.
12. A non-transitory computer readable medium, including instructions stored thereon, which when read and executed by a computer cause the computer to perform the steps of:
defining, using a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and processor, a position of a bondwire in an electrical circuit layout;
defining a 3D position of the bondwire in the electrical circuit layout;
representing the bondwire by one or more discrete segments;
determining electromagnetic characteristics including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of the or each of the segments, as a single workflow process thereby to determine overall electromagnetic characteristics of the bondwire, using a procedure comprising the steps of
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations
selecting a pair of segments
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane; and
calculating using closed form equations at least one of
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane; and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments.
13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 12 further comprising the steps of:
determining the electromagnetic coupling between a bondwire segment and at least one proximal element in the electrical circuit wherein the relative positions of the bondwire segment and the proximal element are analyzed using vector analysis; and
determining the electromagnetic coupling of two or more proximal elements, wherein each proximal element is at least one of a second bondwire segment forming part of the bondwire, a segment of a proximal bondwire, and a proximal component.
14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13 wherein determining the electromagnetic coupling includes determining mutual inductance between the elements.
15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 wherein determining the electromagnetic coupling further includes determining coupling capacitance between the elements and wherein the coupling capacitance is determined by
dividing each bondwire segment and each proximal element into a plurality of infinitesimal sections,
calculating the coupling capacitance between the plurality of infinitesimal sections, and
integrating across each bondwire segment to calculate the coupling capacitance of each bondwire segment.
16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15 further comprising the step of characterizing one or more bondwires in an electrical circuit and generating an output of the characteristics of all or part of the bondwires as a netlist.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 wherein the overall electromagnetic characteristics include resistance, inductance, capacitance, and mutual inductance (RLCK) of the bondwire.
18. A system for determining the electromagnetic characteristics of a bondwire in an electrical circuit, comprising:
a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and a processor;
a user interface to enable a user to define the position of the bondwire in the electrical circuit;
an input device suitable for defining one or more bondwire interconnects;
a logic adapted to determine the position of the bondwire in a 3D representation of the electrical circuit and to segment the bondwire into discrete segments;
a modeler to model the electromagnetic behavior including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of each segment, as a single workflow process thereby to model each segment as a netlist, using a procedure comprising the steps of:
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations,
selecting a pair of segments,
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane,
calculating using closed form equations at least one of:
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments; and
a writeable memory for storing the netlist.
19. A method of manufacturing an electrical circuit comprising the steps of:
using at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit according to the method of
defining, using a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and processor, a position of a bondwire in an electrical circuit layout,
defining a 3D position of the bondwire in the electrical circuit layout,
representing the bondwire by one or more discrete segments,
determining electromagnetic characteristics including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of each of the segments, as a single workflow process thereby to determine overall electromagnetic characteristics of the bondwire, using a procedure comprising the steps of
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations
selecting a pair of segments
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane; and
calculating using closed form equations at least one of
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane; and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments; and
assembling components of the electrical circuit having bondwires according to the model, characterization, and definition.
20. The method of manufacturing an electrical circuit of claim 19 wherein the step of using at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit includes creating the at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit.
21. A method of manufacturing an electrical circuit comprising the steps of:
using at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit according to the method of
dividing bondwires in segments, using a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and processor,
determining electromagnetic characteristics including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of each of the segments, as a single workflow process thereby to determine overall electromagnetic characteristics of the bondwire, using a procedure comprising the steps of:
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations,
selecting a pair of segments,
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane, and
calculating using closed form equations at least one of:
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments; and
assembling components of the electrical circuit having bondwires according to the model, characterization, and definition.
22. The method of manufacturing an electrical circuit of claim 21 wherein the step of using at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit includes creating the at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit.
23. A method of manufacturing an electrical circuit comprising the steps of:
accepting at least one of a model, characterization, and definition of an electrical circuit according to the method of
defining, using a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium and processor, a position of a bondwire in an electrical circuit layout,
defining a 3D position of the bondwire in the electrical circuit layout,
representing the bondwire by one or more discrete segments,
determining electromagnetic characteristics including inductance, resistance and capacitive coupling, of each of the segments, as a single workflow process thereby to determine overall electromagnetic characteristics of the bondwire, using a procedure comprising the steps of
calculating the resistance, self inductance and self capacitance for each segment using closed-form equations
selecting a pair of segments
projecting the segments using vector analysis onto a common plane; and
calculating using closed form equations at least one of
the mutual inductance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane, and
the coupling capacitance between the segments using their projections onto the common plane; and
repeating the above steps for all pairs of segments; and
assembling components of the electrical circuit having bondwires according to the model, characterization, and definition.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A system for transmitting to determine a range or position from a transmitter relative to a first receiver, the system comprising:
a first transmitter operable to transmit a ranging signal with a modulation rate of a code being at least about 30 MHz; and
a first oscillator connected with the first transmitter, the first oscillator being free-running, the ranging signal responsive to the first oscillator.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the modulation rate is at least about 60 MHz.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the modulation rate is less than about 250 MHz.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the ranging signal has an X-band carrier wave responsive to the first oscillator.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein the ranging signal has an ISM band carrier wave responsive to the first oscillator.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the first receiver is within a region of operation and wherein the code has a chip width in space at most a longest dimension of the region of operation.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the first transmitter comprises a first land based transmitter.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein the first receiver is within a region of operation and wherein the code has a code length in space approximately equal to a longest dimension of the region of operation.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein the code length in space is less than about 15 kilometers.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the ranging signal is a code division multiple access signal transmitted in a time division multiple access time slot with a blank period about as long as a code length.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein the first transmitter comprises a first land based transmitter;
further comprising:
a second receiver spaced from the first receiver, both the first and second receivers operable to receive the ranging signal; and
a processor operable to determine a position as a function of a differential measurement of the ranging signal between the first and second receivers, the differential measurement having a code based accuracy of better than ten centimeters.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein the first receiver comprises a mobile receiver and the second receiver comprises a stationary receiver.
13. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a processor operable to determine the range or position as a function of the code, the code having an accuracy to better than one meter.
14. The system of claim 1 wherein the first oscillator comprises a first crystal oscillator.
15. The system of claim 1 wherein the first oscillator comprises a first dielectric resonator oscillator.
16. The system of claim 14 further comprising a first dielectric resonator oscillator phase locked to the first crystal oscillator, the modulation rate being a multiple of a frequency of the first crystal oscillator and a carrier frequency being responsive to a frequency of the first dielectric resonator oscillator.
17. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a second transmitter spaced from the first transmitter; and
a second oscillator connected with the second transmitter;
wherein the first oscillator is free of synchronization with the second oscillator.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein the first transmitter is operable to transmit the ranging signal in a first time slot and the second transmitter is operable to transmit in a second time slot different than the first time slot, the first time slot synchronized with the second time slot to within at least three microseconds.
19. The system of claim 1 wherein the first oscillator is free-running relative to any external source.
20. A method for transmitting to determine a range or position from a transmitter relative to a first receiver, the method comprising:
(a) generating a ranging signal in response to a first oscillator, a phase of the oscillator being unsynchronized with any remote oscillator; and
(b) transmitting the ranging signal with a modulation rate of a code being at least about 30 MHz.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein (b) comprises transmitting with the modulation rate is at least about 60 MHz and less than about 250 MHz.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein (a) comprises generating the ranging signal with an X-band or an ISM band carrier wave responsive to the first oscillator.
23. The method of claim 20 wherein (b) comprises transmitting from a first land based transmitter; and
further comprising:
(c) receiving the ranging signal within a region of operation, wherein the code has a chip width in space at most approximately equal to a longest dimension of the region of operation.
24. The method of claim 20 wherein (b) comprises transmitting from a first land based transmitter; and
further comprising:
(c) receiving the ranging signal within a region of operation, wherein the code has a code length in space approximately equal to a longest dimension of the region of operation and less than about 15 kilometers.
25. The method of claim 20 wherein (b) comprises transmitting the ranging signal as a code division multiple access signal in a time division multiple access time slot with a blank period about as long as a code length.
26. The method of claim 20 wherein (b) comprises transmitting from a first land based transmitter; and
further comprising:
(c) receiving the ranging signal at both the first and a second receiver spaced from the first receiver;
(d) communicating information responsive to the ranging signal between the first and second receivers; and
(e) determining a position as a function of a differential measurement of the ranging signal between the first and second receivers, the differential measurement having a code based accuracy of better than ten centimeters.
27. The method of claim 20 wherein (a) comprises:
(a1) generating the code at a multiple of a first frequency of a crystal oscillator;
(a2) phase locking a dielectric resonator oscillator to the crystal oscillator;
(a3) generating a carrier wave as a function of a second frequency of the dielectric resonator oscillator; and
(a4) mixing the code with the carrier wave.
28. The method of claim 20 further comprising:
(c) generating an additional ranging signal in response to a second oscillator from a source remote from the first oscillator, wherein the first oscillator is free of synchronization with the second oscillator;
(d) transmitting the additional ranging signal with a modulation rate of a code being at least about 30 MHz, the additional ranging signal transmitted in a second time slot different than a time slot for transmitting the ranging signal of (b), the first time slot synchronized with the second time slot to within at least three microseconds.
29. A system for determining a position of a first receiver, the system comprising:
a first land-based transmitter having a first oscillator, the first land-based transmitter operable to transmit a first ranging signal with a first modulation rate of a first code being at least about 30 MHz, and the first ranging signal responsive to the first oscillator;
a second land-based transmitter having a second oscillator, the second land-based transmitter operable to transmit a second ranging signal with a second modulation rate of a second code being at least about 30 MHz, and the second ranging signal responsive to the second oscillator;
a third land-based transmitter having a third oscillator, the third land-based transmitter operable to transmit a third ranging signal with a third modulation rate of a third code being at least about 30 MHz, and the third ranging signal responsive to the third oscillator;
a fourth land-based transmitter having a fourth oscillator, the fourth land-based transmitter operable to transmit a fourth ranging signal with a fourth modulation rate of a fourth code being at least about 30 MHz, and the fourth ranging signal responsive to the fourth oscillator;
a second receiver spaced from the first receiver, both the first and second receivers operable to receive the first, second and third ranging signals;
wherein the first, second and third oscillators are free of phase synchronization with each other;
wherein the first receiver is mobile; and
a processor operable to determine the position as a function of a differential measurement of the first, second, third, and fourth ranging signals between the first and second receivers, the differential measurement having a code based accuracy of better than ten centimeters.
30. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth modulation rates are each at least about 30 MHz and less than about 250 MHz; and
wherein the first, second and third ranging signals each have an X-band carrier wave responsive to the first, second and third oscillators, respectively.
31. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth transmitters and first and second receivers are within a region of operation wherein the first, second, third and fourth code each has a chip width in space at most approximately equal to a longest dimension of the region of operation.
32. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth transmitters and first and second receivers are within a region of operation with a longest dimension of less than about 15 kilometers and wherein the first, second, third and fourth codes each has a code length in space approximately less than twice the longest dimension of the region of operation.
33. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth ranging signals are each code division multiple access signals transmitted in first, second, third and fourth time division multiple access time slots, respectively, each time slot having a blank period of an order of magnitude of a length of the first, second, third and fourth codes, respectively, the first, second, third and fourth time division multiple access time slots synchronized to within at least three microseconds.
34. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth oscillators are free-running relative to any external source.
35. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth modulation rates are substantially equal.
36. The system of claim 29 wherein the first, second, third and fourth codes are substantially the same.
37. A system for transmitting to determine a range or position from a transmitter relative to a first receiver, the system comprising:
a first transmitter connected operable to transmit a ranging signal with at least about 60 MHz of available bandwidth;
a first oscillator connected with the first transmitter, the first oscillator being free-running, the ranging signal responsive to the first oscillator.