1. A ferritic stainless steel with excellent brazeability comprising, in terms of mass percent, 0.03% or less of C, 0.05% or less of N, 0.015% or more of C+N, 0.1 to 1.5% of Si, 0.02 to 2% of Mn, 13.15 to 22% of Cr, 0.03 to 1% of Nb, and 0.5% or less of Al, and further comprising Ti in a content that satisfies the following formulae (1) and (2), with the remainder composed of Fe and unavoidable impurities.
Ti\u20143N\u22660.03\u2003\u2003(1)
10(Ti\u20143N)+Al\u22660.5\u2003\u2003(2)
(Here, the atomic symbols in formulae (1) and (2) indicate the content (mass %) of the respective element, and the numerical values that precede the atomic symbols are constants.)
2. The ferritic stainless steel with excellent brazeability according to claim 1, which further comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of, in terms of mass %, 3% or less of Mo; 3% or less of Ni; 3% or less of Cu; 3% or less of V; and 5% or less of W.
3. The ferritic stainless steel with excellent brazeability according to claim 1 or 2, which further comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of, in terms of mass %, 0.002% or less of Ca; 0.002% or less of Mg; and 0.005% or less of B.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A computer-based method for providing an owner of a defined parcel of real property upon which physical improvements have been made with a hedge against monetary loss to said physical improvements from the occurrence of a measurable, specific physically catastrophic event, including the steps of:
establishing a computer having a processor and a memory;
establishing in said computer memory a digital definition of a parametric trigger in the nature of the occurrence of a specific physically catastrophic event related to said defined parcel of real property upon which physical improvements have been made;
calculating in said computer processor connected to said memory the increase in mortgage interest rate above market interest rate to be paid by an owner of said defined parcel of real property who borrows money from a lender as evidenced by a written loan agreement and secured by a mortgage on said defined parcel of real estate based on said calculated probability of said specific physically catastrophic event occurring;
preparing a written loan agreement between said owner and said lender and a mortgage on said defined parcel of real property incorporating said calculated increased interest rate;
including in said loan agreement and said mortgage a provision wherein said lender terminates the obligation of said owner of said defined parcel of real property to repay at least a portion of the money remaining to be paid under said loan agreement upon the occurrence of said parametric trigger; and
based on the occurrence of the parametric trigger, the lender forgiving a predetermined amount of the mortgage based on the provision in the mortgage.
2. The computer based method of claim 1 in which said step of establishing in said computer memory said digital definition of said parametric trigger including the step of limiting said digital definition to specific types of catastrophes.
3. The computer based method of claim 2 in which said step of establishing in said computer memory said digital definition of said parametric trigger includes the step of limiting said definition to catastrophes having defined physical characteristics.
4. The computer based method of claim 3 in which said step of establishing in said computer memory said digital definition of said parametric trigger limited to catastrophes having defined physical characteristics includes the further step of limiting said catastrophes to those which occur within a specified distance from said defined parcel of real property.
5. The computer based method of claim 3 in which said step of establishing in said computer memory said digital definition of said parametric trigger limited to catastrophes having defined physical characteristics includes the further step of limiting said catastrophes to those having physical characteristics of a defined magnitude of severity.
6. The computer based method of claim 3 in which said step of establishing in said computer memory said digital definition of said parametric trigger limited to catastrophes having defined physical characteristics includes the further step of limiting said catastrophes to those recognized by selected governmental or private agencies.
7. The computer based method of claim 1 in which said physically catastrophic event is a natural catastrophic event.
8. The computer-based method of claim 1 in which said step of calculating in said computer processor connected to said memory the increase in mortgage interest rate above market interest rate based on said calculated probability of said specific physically catastrophic event occurring is based on theoretical probabilities of various occurrences established by a generally recognized knowledge-based expert system.
9. A computer based system for providing an owner of a defined parcel of real estate upon which physical improvements have been made with a hedge against monetary loss to said physical improvements from the occurrence of a measurable, specific physically catastrophic event, said computer based system including:
a computer including a processor and a memory connected to said processor;
software to establish in said memory a parametric trigger in the nature of the occurrence of a specific physically catastrophic event related to said defined parcel of real property upon which physical improvements have been made;
software in said processor to calculate a rate of interest above the market interest rate based on the probability of said specific physically catastrophic event occurring;
software connected to said processor and said memory to prepare a written loan agreement between said owner and a lender and a mortgage on said defined parcel of real property incorporating said calculated increased interest rate and to include in said loan agreement and said mortgage a provision wherein said lender terminates, in whole or in part, the obligation of said owner of real property to repay the money remaining to be paid under said loan agreement upon the occurrence of said parametric trigger.
10. The computer based system of claim 9 in which said software to establish in said memory a parametric trigger in the nature of the occurrence of a specific physically catastrophic event includes software to limit such physically catastrophic events to specific types of physically catastrophic events.
11. The computer based system of claim 10 in which said software to limit said physically catastrophic events to specific types of physically catastrophic events includes software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those having defined physical characteristics.
12. The computer based system of claim 11 in which said software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those having defined physical characteristics includes software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those which occur within a specified distance from said defined parcel of real property.
13. The computer based system of claim 11 in which said software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those having defined physical characteristics includes software to limit said catastrophic events to those having a defined magnitude of severity.
14. The computer based system of claim 11 in which said software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those having defined physical characteristics includes software to limit said physically catastrophic events to those recognized by selected governmental or private agencies.
15. The computer based system of claim 9 in which said physically catastrophic event is a natural catastrophic event.
16. The computer based system of claim 9 in which said software in said processor to calculate a rate of interest above the market interest rate based on the probability of said specific physically catastrophic event occurring is based on theoretical probabilities of various occurrences established by a generally recognized knowledge-based expert system.
17. A computer-based method for terminating the obligation of an owner of a defined parcel of real property upon which physical improvements have been and which has been mortgaged under a written loan agreement from the obligation to repay at least a portion of the money remaining to be paid under said loan agreement upon the occurrence of a measurable, specific catastrophic event, including the steps of:
establishing a computer having a processor and a memory;
establishing in said computer memory a digital definition of a parametric trigger in the nature of the occurrence of a specific catastrophic event related to said defined parcel of real property upon which physical improvements have been made;
calculating in said computer processor connected to said memory the increase in mortgage interest rate above market interest rate to be paid by an owner of said defined parcel of real property who borrows money from a lender as evidenced by a written loan agreement and secured by a mortgage on said defined parcel of real estate based on said calculated probability of said specific catastrophic event occurring;
preparing a written loan agreement between said owner and said lender and a mortgage on said defined parcel of real property incorporating said calculated increased interest rate;
including in said loan agreement and said mortgage a provision wherein said lender terminates the obligation of said owner of said defined parcel of real property to repay at least a portion of the money remaining to be paid under said loan agreement upon the occurrence of said parametric trigger; and
based on the occurrence of the parametric trigger, the lender forgiving a predetermined amount of the mortgage based on the provision in the mortgage.
18. The computer-based method of claim 17 in which said step of calculating in said computer processor connected to said memory the increase in mortgage interest rate above market interest rate based on said calculated probability of said specific catastrophic event occurring is based on theoretical probabilities of various occurrences established by a generally recognized knowledge-based expert system.