1. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly comprising:
a magnetic outer pipe;
a copper inner pipe inserted into the magnetic outer pipe, the copper inner pipe being expanded such that an outer diameter of the copper inner pipe enlarges and thereby is mated to an interior of the magnetic outer pipe, the copper inner pipe configured to form part of a refrigerant piping of a refrigerant circuit; and
an induction heating coil mounted to an outer circumference of the magnetic outer pipe.
2. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 1, wherein
the magnetic outer pipe is made of stainless steel.
3. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 1, wherein
a wall thickness of the magnetic outer pipe is 1-1.2 mm.
4. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure including the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 1 attached to the refrigerant circuit by brazing ends of the copper inner pipe of the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly to a copper refrigerant piping of the refrigerant circuit.
5. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure according to claim 4, wherein
the refrigerant circuit includes
a compressor,
an accumulator connected to an inlet side of the compressor and configured to separate gas and liquid of a refrigerant,
a four way switching valve,
an indoor heat exchanger,
an expansion valve, and
an outdoor heat exchanger; and
the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly is connected to an inlet side of the accumulator.
6. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 2, wherein
a wall thickness of the magnetic outer pipe is 1-1.2 mm.
7. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure including the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 2 attached to the refrigerant circuit by brazing ends of the copper inner pipe of the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly to a copper refrigerant piping of the refrigerant circuit.
8. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure according to claim 7, wherein
the refrigerant circuit includes
a compressor,
an accumulator connected to an inlet side of the compressor and configured to separate gas and liquid of a refrigerant,
a four way switching valve,
an indoor heat exchanger,
an expansion valve, and
an outdoor heat exchanger; and
the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly is connected to an inlet side of the accumulator.
9. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure including the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly according to claim 3 attached to the refrigerant circuit by brazing ends of the copper inner pipe of the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly to a copper refrigerant piping of the refrigerant circuit.
10. A refrigerant heating apparatus assembly attaching structure according to claim 9, wherein
the refrigerant circuit includes
a compressor,
an accumulator connected to an inlet side of the compressor and configured to separate gas and liquid of a refrigerant,
a four way switching valve,
an indoor heat exchanger,
an expansion valve, and
an outdoor heat exchanger; and
the refrigerant heating apparatus assembly is connected to an inlet side of the accumulator.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method, comprising:
determining a mid-bed ammonia to NOx ratio (ANR) constraint for an engine aftertreatment system having at least two SCR catalyst beds;
determining a feedforward mid-bed NOx target;
interpreting a current mid-bed ANR and a current mid-bed NOx;
in response to the current mid-bed ANR, the current mid-bed NOx, the ANR constraint, and the feedforward mid-bed NOx target, providing a reductant injector command; and
injecting a reductant into the engine aftertreatment system in response to the reductant injector command.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a reductant injector in response to the reductant injector command.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising interpreting an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, wherein the determining the mid-bed ANR constraint is in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the interpreting the current mid-bed NOx further comprises operating a NOx sensor positioned at the mid-bed.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the interpreting the current mid-bed ANR and the current mid-bed NOx further comprises operating an NH3 sensor positioned at the mid-bed.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising interpreting an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, wherein the determining the feedforward mid-bed NOx target is in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising determining an adjusted mid-bed NOx target in response to the feedforward mid-bed NOx target, the ANR constraint, and the current mid-bed ANR.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining a NOx error term in response to the adjusted mid-bed NOx target and the current mid-bed NOx.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining a mid-bed ANR command in response to the NOx error term, and wherein the providing the reductant injector command is in response to the mid-bed ANR command.
10. A method, comprising:
determining a current mid-bed NH3 amount, the determining the current mid-bed NH3 amount including operating an NH3 sensor positioned at a mid-bed location for an engine aftertreatment system having at least two SCR catalyst beds;
operating a NOX sensor positioned at the mid-bed location;
interpreting a current mid-bed ammonia to NOX ratio (ANR) and a current mid-bed NOX in response to the current mid-bed NH3 amount and the operating the NOX sensor, the interpreting the current mid-bed ANR and a current mid-bed NOX further including correcting an output value of the NOX sensor for cross-sensitivity to NH3;
determining a mid-bed ANR constraint;
determining a feedforward mid-bed NOX target;
in response to tile current mid-bed ANR, the current mid-bed NOX, the ANR constraint, and the feedforward mid-bed NOX target, providing a reductant injector command; and
using a reductant injector to inject a reductant into the aftertreatment system in response to the reductant injector command.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the mid-bed ANR constraint comprises at least one operation selected from the operations consisting of: determining an NH3 conversion capacity of an ammonia oxidation catalyst positioned downstream of the SCR catalyst beds, determining an NH3 storage capacity of a downstream SCR catalyst bed of the SCR catalyst beds, determining a NOx conversion rate of a downstream SCR catalyst bed of the SCR catalyst beds, determining an NH3 slip amicability limit value, and determining an NH3 emissions limit value.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising interpreting an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, wherein the determining the mid-bed ANR constraint is in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, the SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein determining the engine NOx output amount comprises at least one operation selected from the operations consisting of: operating an upstream NOx sensor positioned upstream of the SCR catalyst beds, determining a NOx conversion amount of an upstream SCR catalyst bed of the SCR catalyst beds, and modeling an engine NOx output amount in response to current engine operating conditions.
14. A system, comprising:
an engine producing an exhaust stream as a byproduct of operation;
an SCR catalyst component having a mid-bed position between two segments of SCR catalyst, the SCR catalyst component positioned to receive at least a portion of the exhaust stream;
a mid-bed NOx sensor that provides a current mid-bed NOx amount, and a mid-bed NH3 sensor that provides a current mid-bed NH3 amount, each of the mid-bed sensors operationally coupled to the exhaust stream at the mid-bed position;
a controller, comprising:
a system conditions module structured to interpret the current mid-bed NOx amount, the current mid-bed NH3 amount, and a current mid-bed ammonia to NOx ratio (ANR);
a NOx modeling module structured to determine a feedforward mid-bed NOx target and a mid-bed ANR constraint;
a NOx control module structured to provide an ANR command in response to the feedforward mid-bed NOx target; and
a reductant injector operatively coupled to a reductant source and to the exhaust stream at a position upstream of the SCR catalyst component, wherein the reductant injector is responsive to the ANR command.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the system conditions module is further structured to interpret an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, and wherein the NOx modeling module is further structured to determine the ANR constraint in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, the SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount.
16. The system of claim 15, further comprising an upstream NOx sensor operationally coupled to the exhaust stream at a position upstream of the SCR catalyst component, wherein the upstream NOx sensor provides the engine NOx output amount.
17. The system of claim 16, further comprising a particulate filter positioned upstream of the SCR catalyst component.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the upstream NOx sensor is positioned upstream of the particulate filter.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the upstream NOx sensor is positioned downstream of the particulate filter.
20. The system of claim 15, wherein the system conditions module is further structured to interpret an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, and wherein the NOx modeling module is further structured to determine the feedforward mid-bed NOx target in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, the SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount.
21. The system of claim 20, further comprising a NOx reference module structured to provide an adjusted feedforward mid-bed NOx target in response to the mid-bed ARN constraint and the current mid-bed ANR, and wherein the NOx control module is further structured to provide the ANR command in response to the adjusted feedforward mid-bed NOx target.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the controller further comprises a NOx error determination module structured to determine a NOx error term in response to the adjusted mid-bed NOx target and the current mid-bed NOx, and wherein the NOx control module is further structured to provide the ANR command in response to the NOx error term.
23. The system of claim 22, wherein the system conditions module is further structured to correct the current mid-bed NOx amount for NH3 cross-sensitivity in response to the current mid-bed NH3 amount.
24. A system, comprising:
an engine producing an exhaust stream as a byproduct of operation;
an SCR catalyst component having a mid-bed position between two segments of SCR catalyst, the SCR catalyst component positioned to receive at least a portion of the exhaust stream;
a mid-bed NOx sensor that provides a current mid-bed NOx amount, and a mid-bed NH3 sensor that provides a mid-bed NH3 amount, each of the mid-bed sensors operationally coupled to the exhaust stream at the mid-bed position;
a reductant injector operatively coupled to a reductant source and to the exhaust stream at a position upstream of the SCR catalyst component;
a means for determining a mid-bed NOx target in response to the mid-bed NOx amount and the mid-bed NH3 amount, wherein the means for determining the mid-bed NOx target further comprises a means for determining a mid-bed ammonia to NOx (ANR) constraint;
means for interpreting an SCR catalyst space velocity, an SCR catalyst temperature, and an engine NOx output amount, and wherein the means for determining the mid-bed NOx target is further structured to determine the ANR constraint in response to the SCR catalyst space velocity, the SCR catalyst temperature, and the engine NOx output amount; and
a means for controlling the reductant injector in response to the mid-bed NOx target.
25. The system of claim 24, further comprising a means for correcting the current mid-bed NOx amount for a cross-sensitivity of the mid-bed NOx sensor.