1. A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member, characterized in that particles containing at least flux are injected to a surface of a substrate made of aluminum or its alloy at a temperature lower than a melting point of the flux by 30\xb0 C. or more to collide against the surface at an average speed of 100 msec or higher to cause mechanical adhesion of the particles to the surface.
2. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein an average particle size of the injection flux particles is 3 to 25 \u03bcm.
3. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein an average collision speed of the flux particles is 100 to 500 msec.
4. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein an average particle size x (\u03bcm) of the injection flux particles and an average collision speed y (msec) thereof fall within a range satisfying x\u22673, y\u2267150, y\u226720x\u2212140, x\u226620, y\u2266450, and y\u22668.33x+325.
5. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the particles containing at least flux are injected at a temperature lower than the melting point of the flux by 50 to 150\xb0 C.
6. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein a moisture content of the flux particles is 2% or less.
7. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the flux is fluoride series flux.
8. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 7, wherein the flux contains at least one of KAlF4 and CsF.
9. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the particles containing at least flux is a compound of flux particles and brazing particles.
10. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the particles containing at least flux is a compound of flux particles and Zn particles.
11. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the particles containing at least flux is a compound of flux particles, brazing particles, and Zn particles.
12. The method of manufacturing a heat exchanger member as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate is an extruded member.
13. A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger in which tubes and fins are stacked alternately and header tanks are connected to the tubes to form a provisionally assembled core portion, and the provisionally assembled core portion is heated to thereby braze the tubes and the fins, and the tubes and the header tanks, characterized in that
using a member in which particles containing at least flux mechanically are adhered on a surface of a substrate made of aluminum or its alloy by injecting the particles to the surface at a temperature lower than a melting point of the flux by 30\xb0 C. or more to collide at an average speed of 100 msec or higher, as any one of the tube, the fin, and the header tank, and
brazing is performed by melting the adhered flux by heating for the brazing to activate the surface of the substrate by the molten flux.
14. A heat exchanger member characterized in that particles containing at least flux is mechanically adhered on an outer surface of a substrate made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
15. The heat exchanger member as recited in claim 14, wherein an adhered amount of the flux particles is 0.3 to 30 gm2.
16. The heat exchanger member as recited in claim 14, wherein the heat exchanger member is one of a tube, a header tank, and a flange.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A piezoelectric element formed by alternately stacking substantially rectangular piezoelectric layers and internal electrode layers,
wherein the internal electrode layers are positive electrode layers and negative electrode layers which are alternately arranged in a stacking direction with each of the piezoelectric layers interposed between an associated one of the positive electrode layers and an associated one of the negative electrode layers,
the positive electrode layers include a first positive electrode layer provided on a principle surface of one of the piezoelectric layers and a second positive electrode layer provided on a principle surface of different one of the piezoelectric layers from the one of the piezoelectric layers in which the first positive electrode layer is provided,
the negative electrode layers include a first negative electrode layer provided on a principle surface of one of the piezoelectric layers and a second negative electrode layer provided on a principle surface of different one of the piezoelectric layers from the one of the piezoelectric layers in which the first negative electrode layer is provided,
each of the first positive electrode layer and the first negative electrode layer includes four divided electrodes provided in four areas, respectively, the four areas being obtained by dividing a principle surface of an associated one of the piezoelectric layers into two areas in a lengthwise direction and two areas in a widthwise direction, and a connecting electrode for connecting a pair of the divided electrodes formed on diagonally opposite two of the four areas along a first diagonal direction on the principle surface of the associated one of the piezoelectric layers, and
each of the second positive electrode layer and the second negative electrode layer includes four divided electrodes provided in the four areas, respectively, and a connecting electrode for connecting a pair of the divided electrodes formed on diagonally opposite two of the four areas along a second diagonal direction on the principle surface of the associated one of the piezoelectric layers.
2. The piezoelectric element of claim 1, wherein the internal electrode layers are provided in the manner that the first positive electrode layer, the first negative electrode layer, the second positive electrode layer and the second negative electrode layer are arranged in this order in the stacking direction with each of the piezoelectric layers interposed between associated ones of the electrode layers.
3. The piezoelectric element of claim 1, wherein each outermost layer of the piezoelectric element in the stacking direction is one of the piezoelectric layers.
4. A vibratory actuator comprising:
the piezoelectric element of claim 1;
a driver element provided on the piezoelectric element; and
a movable body supported by the driver element,
wherein power is supplied to the piezoelectric element to cause the piezoelectric element to make composite vibration of stretching vibration and bending vibration so that the driver element makes a substantially elliptical motion due to the composite vibration, thereby moving the movable body.
5. A drive unit comprising:
a vibratory actuator including a plurality of piezoelectric elements, driver elements provided on the piezoelectric elements and a single movable body supported by the driver elements of the piezoelectric elements; and
a control unit for supplying a first voltage and a second voltage having a same frequency as a frequency of the first voltage and a shifted phase relative to a phase of the first voltage to each of the piezoelectric elements to cause each of the piezoelectric elements to make composite vibration of stretching vibration and bending vibration so that the driver element makes a substantially elliptical motion due to the composite vibration, thereby moving the movable body,
wherein the vibratory actuator includes first through nth piezoelectric elements, where n is an arbitrary integer of 2 or more, as the plurality of piezoelectric elements,
each of the piezoelectric elements is formed by alternately stacking piezoelectric layers and internal electrode layers,
the internal electrode layers are positive electrode layers and negative electrode layers which are alternately arranged in a stacking direction with each of the piezoelectric layers interposed between an associated one of the positive electrode layers and an associated one of the negative electrode layers,
each of the positive electrode layers includes first positive electrodes and second positive electrodes,
each of the negative electrode layers includes first negative electrodes provided so that each of the first negative electrodes is opposed to an associated one of the first positive electrodes with an associated one of the piezoelectric layers interposed therebetween and the first voltage is supplied between each of the first negative electrodes and an associated one of the first positive electrodes and second negative electrodes provided so that each of the second negative electrodes is opposed to an associated one of the second positive electrodes with an associated one of the piezoelectric layers interposed therebetween, the second voltage is supplied between each of the second negative electrodes and an associated one of the second positive electrodes and the second negative electrodes are not electrically connected to the first negative electrodes,
a first negative electrode of an ith piezoelectric element, where i=1, . . . and i=n\u22121, and a first positive electrode of an (i+1)th piezoelectric element are electrically connected to each other, and
a second negative electrode of the ith piezoelectric element and a second positive electrode of the (i+1)th piezoelectric element are electrically connected to each other.
6. The drive unit of claim 5, wherein the control unit is so configured to set respective frequencies of the first and second voltages to be higher than highest one of respective resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric elements.
7. The drive unit of claim 5, wherein the control unit is so configured to set respective frequencies of the first and second voltages to be lower than lowest one of respective antiresonance frequencies the piezoelectric elements.
8. The drive unit of claim 5, wherein the control unit detects at least one of a current and a voltage between the first negative electrode of the ith piezoelectric element and the first positive electrode of the (i+1)th piezoelectric element and at least one of a current and a voltage between the second negative electrode of the ith piezoelectric element and the second positive electrode of the (i+1)th piezoelectric element and changes the respective frequencies of the first and second voltages, based on values obtained by the detection.