1. An imaging apparatus having an imaging section and a noise reduction device which performs noise reduction for an image signal obtained from the imaging section, the noise reduction device comprising:
extracting means for extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
edge detecting means for detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining means for determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has not detected an edge and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has detected an edge;
first processing means for performing a first noise reduction process for a pixel value of the attention pixel and pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means;
second processing means for performing a second noise reduction process for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while frequency characteristics are kept; and
weighted adding means for adding an output value of the first processing means to which a first weighted coefficient is applied and an output value of the second processing means to which a second weighted coefficient determined using the first weighted coefficient is applied.
2. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the edge detecting means performs a second-order differentiation for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels to detect an edge.
3. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 2, further comprising:
smoothening means for smoothening the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the second-order differentiation is performed for these pixels; and
interpolating means for interpolating a defect pixel if there is the defect pixel in the direction of the second-order differentiation.
4. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein an adjacent pixel which is point-symmetrical with respect to the attention pixel in the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means is determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction.
5. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the edge detecting means is means for detecting an edge with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels which are point-symmetrical with respect to the attention pixel.
6. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the first processing means outputs a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means selects a pixel value of a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value.
7. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the first processing means is arithmetic mean calculating means for calculating a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means is a median filter.
8. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
output means for substituting the pixel value of the attention pixel with a value obtained by the weighted adding means and outputting the obtained value.
9. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to the number of pixels used for the noise reduction.
10. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to illumination of an object.
11. A noise reduction apparatus, comprising:
extracting means for extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
edge detecting means for detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining means for determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has not detected an edge and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has detected an edge;
first processing means for performing a first noise reduction process for a pixel value of the attention pixel and a pixel value of the adjacent pixel determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means;
second processing means for performing a second noise reduction process for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while frequency characteristics are kept; and
weighted adding means for adding an output value of the first processing means to which a first weighted coefficient is applied and an output value of the second processing means to which a second weighted coefficient determined using the first weighted coefficient is applied.
12. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein the edge detecting means performs a second-order differentiation for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels to detect an edge.
13. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 12, further comprising:
smoothening means for smoothening the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the second-order differentiation is performed for these pixels; and
interpolating means for interpolating a defect pixel if there is the defect pixel in a direction of the second-order differentiation.
14. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein an adjacent pixel which is point-symmetrical to the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means with respect to the attention pixel is determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction.
15. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein the edge detecting means is means for detecting an edge with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels which are point-symmetrical with respect to the attention pixel.
16. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein the first processing means outputs a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means selects a pixel value of a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value.
17. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein the first processing means is arithmetic mean calculating means for calculating a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means is a median filter.
18. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11, further comprising:
output means for substituting the pixel value of the attention pixel with a value obtained by the weighted adding means and outputting the obtained value.
19. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 11,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to the number of pixels used for the noise reduction.
20. A noise reduction method, comprising the steps of:
extracting, by a processor, an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has not been detected at the edge detecting step and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has been detected at the edge detecting step;
performing a first noise reduction process for a pixel value of the attention pixel and a pixel value of the adjacent pixel determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step;
performing a second noise reduction process for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while frequency characteristics are kept; and
adding an output value at the first processing step to which a first weighted coefficient is applied and an output value at the second processing step to which a second weighted coefficient determined using the first weighted coefficient is applied.
21. The noise reduction method as set forth in claim 20,
wherein the first processing step is performed by outputting a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step, and
wherein the second processing step is performed by selecting a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step and outputting the selected pixel value.
22. A non-transitory record medium which is computer-readable and recorded with a program which causes a computer to execute a noise reduction method, comprising the steps of:
extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has not been detected at the edge detecting step and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has been detected at the edge detecting step;
performing a first noise reduction process for a pixel value of the attention pixel and a pixel value of the adjacent pixel determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step;
performing a second noise reduction process for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while frequency characteristics are kept; and
adding an output value at the first processing step to which a first weighted coefficient is applied and an output value at the second processing step to which a second weighted coefficient determined using the first weighted coefficient is applied.
23. An imaging apparatus having an imaging section and a noise reduction device which performs noise reduction for an image signal obtained from the imaging section, the noise reduction device comprising:
extracting means for extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
edge detecting means for detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining means for determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has not detected an edge and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has detected an edge;
isolated point determining means for determining whether the attention pixel is an isolated point;
first processing means for performing a first noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means;
second processing means for performing a second noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while frequency characteristics are kept;
weighted adding means for adding an output value of the first processing means and an output value of the second processing means with a weighted coefficient, and
third processing means for performing a third noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while keeping frequency characteristics,
wherein when the isolated point determining means has determined that the attention pixel be not the isolated point, an output value of the weighted adding means is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output and when the isolated point determination means has determined that the attention pixel be the isolated point, an output value of the third processing means is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output.
24. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein when the determining means has determined that all the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction, the isolated point determining means determines that the attention pixel be the isolated point.
25. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the edge detecting means performs a second-order differentiation for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels to detect an edge.
26. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 25, further comprising:
smoothening means for smoothening the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the second-order differentiation is performed for these pixels; and
interpolating means for interpolating a defect pixel if there is the defect pixel in a direction of the second-order differentiation.
27. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein an adjacent pixel which is point-symmetrical to the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means with respect to the attention pixel is determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction.
28. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the edge detecting means is means for detecting an edge with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels which are point-symmetrical with respect to the attention pixel.
29. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the first processing means outputs a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means,
wherein the second processing means selects a pixel value of a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value, and
wherein the third processing means selects a pixel value as a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value.
30. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the first processing means is arithmetic mean calculating means for calculating a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means is a median filter.
31. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the third processing means is a median filter.
32. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to the number of pixels used for the noise reduction.
33. The imaging apparatus as set forth in claim 23,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to illumination of an object.
34. A noise reduction apparatus, comprising:
extracting means for extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
edge detecting means for detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining means for determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has not detected an edge and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when the edge detecting means has detected an edge;
isolated point determining means for determining whether the attention pixel is an isolated point;
first processing means for performing a first noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means;
second processing means for performing a second noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while frequency characteristics are kept;
weighted adding means for adding an output value of the first processing means and an output value of the second processing means with a weighted coefficient, and
third processing means for performing a third noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means while keeping frequency characteristics,
wherein when the isolated point determining means has determined that the attention pixel be not the isolated point, an output value of the weighted adding means is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output and when the isolated point determination means has determined that the attention pixel be the isolated point, an output value of the third processing means is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output.
35. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein when the determining means has determined that all the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction, the isolated point determining means determines that the attention pixel be the isolated point.
36. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the edge detecting means performs a second-order differentiation for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels to detect an edge.
37. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 36, further comprising:
smoothening means for smoothening the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the second-order differentiation is performed for these pixels; and
interpolating means for interpolating a defect pixel if there is the defect pixel in a direction of the second-order differentiation.
38. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein an adjacent pixel which is point-symmetrical to the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means with respect to the attention pixel is determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction.
39. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the edge detecting means is means for detecting an edge with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels which are point-symmetrical with respect to the attention pixel.
40. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the first processing means outputs a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means,
wherein the second processing means selects a pixel value of a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value, and
wherein the third processing means selects a pixel value as a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means and outputs the selected pixel value.
41. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the first processing means is arithmetic mean calculating means for calculating a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction by the determining means, and
wherein the second processing means is a median filter.
42. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the third processing means is a median filter.
43. The noise reduction apparatus as set forth in claim 34,
wherein the values of the weighted coefficients are adaptively designated corresponding to the number of pixels used for the noise reduction.
44. A noise reduction method, comprising the steps of:
extracting, by a processor, an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has not been detected at the edge detecting step and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has been detected at the edge detecting step;
determining whether the attention pixel is an isolated point;
performing a first noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step;
performing a second noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while frequency characteristics are kept;
adding an output value at the first processing step and an output value at the second processing step with a weighted coefficient, and
performing a third noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while keeping frequency characteristics,
wherein when it has been determined that the attention pixel be not the isolated point at the isolated point determining step, an output value at the weighted adding step is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output and when it has been determined that the attention pixel be the isolated point at the isolated point determination step, an output value at the third processing step is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output.
45. The noise reduction method as set forth in claim 44,
wherein the first processing step is performed by outputting a mean value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step,
wherein the second processing step is performed by selecting a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step and outputting the selected pixel value, and
wherein the third processing step is performed by selecting a nearly median value of the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step and outputting the selected value.
46. A non-transitory record medium which is computer-readable and recorded with a program which causes a computer to execute a noise reduction method, comprising the steps of:
extracting an attention pixel used for the noise reduction and a plurality of adjacent pixels of the same color component as the attention pixel;
detecting whether there is an edge between the attention pixel and the plurality of adjacent pixels;
determining that the adjacent pixels be able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has not been detected at the edge detecting step and determining that the adjacent pixels be not able to be used for the noise reduction when an edge has been detected at the edge detecting step;
determining whether the attention pixel is an isolated point;
performing a first noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step;
performing a second noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while frequency characteristics are kept;
adding an output value at the first processing step and an output value at the second processing step with a weighted coefficient, and
performing a third noise reduction process with the pixel value of the attention pixel, the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step, and the pixel values of the adjacent pixels determined to be not able to be used for the noise reduction at the determining step while keeping frequency characteristics,
wherein when it has been determined that the attention pixel be not the isolated point at the isolated point determining step, an output value at the weighted adding step is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output and when it has been determined that the attention pixel be the isolated point at the isolated point determination step, an output value at the third processing step is substituted for the pixel value of the attention pixel and the substituted value is output.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for producing a transaction card, comprising:
inlaying a metallic member with respect to a surround;
encapsulating the metallic member with an encapsulant to fill space between and secure the metallic member in inlaid relation relative to the surround to define an inlay layer;
disposing the inlay layer between first and second graphic layers;
applying heat and pressure to the first graphic layer, the inlay layer, and the second graphic layer;
laminating the first graphic layer, the inlay, and the second graphic layer in response to the applying to form the transaction card; and
separating the transaction card as one of a plurality of weighted transaction cards that are separated from a sheet of material.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the laminating is performed free from cold rolling.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the separating is performed free from milling.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the method includes at least one of dye sublimation printing, screen printing, Gravure printing, lithography, inkjet printing, laser printing, or indentation relative to at least one of the first and second graphics layers.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first and second graphics layers are free from laser etching.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the transaction card comprises indicium indicative of an account associated with the transaction card.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the indicium is provided by at least one personalization process.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the inlay layer further includes film layers applied on first and second sides of the inlay layer.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the encapsulant extends between edges of the metallic member and edges of an opening of the surround.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the encapsulant creates a continuous planar surface along a first side of the inlay layer.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the encapsulant creates a continuous planar surface along a second side of the inlay layer.
12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the metallic member comprises:
stainless steel;
palladium;
platinum;
gold;
silver; or
tungsten.
13. A method according to claim 1, wherein a weight of the metallic member comprises not less than about 40% and not more than about 90% of the total weight of the transaction card.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the metallic member comprises a relief portion to provide a space for a pocket to receive a smart card chip, wherein the encapsulant includes a projection extending into the space, and further comprising:
milling the pocket into the projection of the surround; and,
disposing the smart card chip in the pocket.
15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the metallic member comprises a relief portion to provide a space for a pocket to receive a smart card chip, wherein the encapsulant fills the space in the encapsulating step, and further comprising:
milling the pocket into the encapsulant that fills the space; and,
disposing the smart card chip in the pocket.
16. A method according to claim 1, further comprising:
positioning an antenna on a surface of or inset relative to the surround.
17. A method for producing a transaction card, comprising:
inlaying a metallic member with respect to a surround;
encapsulating the metallic member with an encapsulant to fill space between and secure the metallic member in inlaid relation relative to the surround to define an inlay laver:
disposing the inlay layer between first and second graphic layers;
applying heat and pressure to the first graphic layer the inlay layer, and the second graphic layer, wherein the applying steps comprises:
applying a first temperature during a first phase; and,
applying a second temperature lower than the first temperature during a second phase:; and
laminating the first graphic layer, the inlay, and the second graphic layer in response to the applying to form the transaction card.
18. A method for producing a transaction card, comprising:
inlaying a metallic member with respect to a surround, wherein the metallic member has a density of at least about 15 gcm3;
encapsulating the metallic member with an encapsulant to fill space between and secure the metallic member in inlaid relation relative to the surround to define an inlay layer;
disposing the inlay layer between first and second graphic layers;
applying heat and pressure to the first graphic layer, the inlay layer, and the second graphic layer;
laminating the first graphic layer, the inlay, and the second graphic layer in response to the applying to form the transaction card.