1. A method, comprising:
transmitting, by a first node, a first carrier signal;
receiving, from a second node, a second carrier signal;
measuring, by the first node, a first value and a second value of a first phase, the first value of the first phase assigned to a first frequency of the received second carrier signal and the second value of the first phase assigned to a second frequency of the received second carrier signal, the first frequency and the second frequency having a frequency difference, a third value of a second phase assigned to a third frequency of the first carrier signal, a fourth value of the second phase assigned to a fourth frequency of the first carrier signal, the third frequency and the fourth frequency having the frequency difference; and
determining a distance between the first node and the second node from the frequency difference from the first value and the second value of the first phase and from the third value and the fourth value of the second phase.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing a time synchronization of the measurements of the values so that measurement times of the measurements of the values have a predefined temporal relationship to one another.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
a first time interval between a first measurement time of the first value of the first phase and a second measurement time of the second value of the first phase are defined;
a second time interval between a third measurement time of the third value of the second phase and a fourth measurement time of the fourth value of the second phase are defined; and
the first time interval and the second time interval are the same.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the distance comprises calculating, from the first value and the second value of the first phase and from the third value and fourth value of the second phase, a phase difference according to the formula:
\u0394\u03c6=(\u03c6A2\u2212\u03c6B2)\u2212(\u03c6A1\u2212\u03c6B1)
or its algebraic transformations, \u03c6A1 being the first value of the first phase, \u03c6A2 being the second value of the first phase, \u03c6B1 being the third value of the second phase, and \u03c6B2 being the fourth value of the second phase.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the first carrier signal is generated by a first oscillator signal generated by a first reference clock generator and a first phase-locked loop of the first node;
the second carrier signal is generated by a second oscillator signal generated by a second reference clock generator and a second phase-locked loop of a second node;
the first value and the second value of the first phase of the received second carrier signal of the second node are measured relative to a first reference signal of the first reference clock generator by a phase measurement unit of the first node; and
the third value and the fourth value of the second phase of the first carrier signal of the first node are measured relative to a second reference signal of the second reference clock generator by a phase measurement unit of the second node.
6. The method of claim 5, comprising compensating a phase error caused by a generated first reference frequency of the first reference signal and a generated second reference frequency of the second reference signal by performing operations comprising subtracting the second value from the first value of the first phase and the fourth value from the third value of the second phase.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second carrier signals are transmitted according to industry standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.1.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second carrier signals are transmitted according to industry standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4.
9. A first node of a radio network, the first node comprising:
a transmitter circuit configured to transmit a first carrier signal;
a receiver circuit configured to receive, from a second node, a second carrier signal;
a first phase measurement unit configured to measure a first value and a second value of a first phase, the first value of the first phase assigned to a first frequency of the received second carrier signal and the second value of the first phase assigned to a second frequency of the received second carrier signal, the first frequency and the second frequency having a frequency difference, a third value of a second phase assigned to a third frequency of the first carrier signal, a fourth value of the second phase assigned to a fourth frequency of the first carrier signal, the third frequency and the fourth frequency having the frequency difference; and
circuitry configured to determine a distance between the first node and the second node from the frequency difference from the first value and the second value of the first phase and from the third value and the fourth value of a second phase.
10. The first node of claim 9, wherein one or more of the first node and the second node are configured to transmit a frame for time synchronization of measurement times.
11. The first node of claim 10, wherein one or more of the first node and the second node comprises a control circuit that is configured to control the measurement times based on the frame for time synchronization by a timer.
12. The first node of claim 9, wherein:
a first control circuit of the first node is configured to control a first measurement time of the first value of the first phase and a second measurement time of the second value of the first phase;
a second control circuit of the second node is configured to control a second time interval between a third measurement time of the third value of the second phase and a fourth measurement time of the fourth value of the second phase are defined; and
a first time interval between the first measurement time and the second measurement time and a second time interval between the third measurement time and the fourth measurement time are the same.
13. The first node of claim 9, wherein the circuitry is configured to determine the distance by performing operations comprising calculating, from the first value and the second value of the first phase and from the third value and fourth value of the second phase, a phase difference according to the formula:
\u0394\u03c6=(\u03c6A2\u2212\u03c6B2)\u2212(\u03c6A1\u2212\u03c6B1)
or its algebraic transformations, \u03c6A1 being the first value of the first phase, \u03c6A2 being the second value of the first phase, \u03c6B1 being the third value of the second phase, and \u03c6B2 being the fourth value of the second phase.
14. The first node of claim 9, wherein:
the first node comprises a first reference clock generator for a first phase-locked loop for generating a first oscillator signal for generating the first carrier signal, the second node comprising a second reference clock generator for a second phase-locked loop for generating a second oscillator signal for generating the second carrier signal; and
the first phase measurement unit is configured to measure the first value and the second value of the first phase of the received second carrier signal relative to a first reference signal of the first reference clock generator, the second node comprising a second phase measurement unit configured to measure the third value and the fourth value of a second phase of the first carrier signal relative to a second reference signal of the second reference clock generator.
15. The first node of claim 14, wherein a phase error caused by a generated first reference frequency of the first reference signal and a generated second reference frequency of the second reference signal is compensated by performing operations comprising subtracting the second value from the first value of the first phase and the fourth value from the third value of the second phase.
16. The first node of claim 14, wherein:
the first node is configured to change a carrier frequency of the first carrier signal;
the second node is configured to change a carrier frequency of the second carrier signal; and
the first node is configured to change by the same value a first multiplier factor of the first phase-locked loop for multiplying the first reference frequency of the first reference clock generator, the second node being configured to change a second multiplier factor for multiplying the second reference frequency of the second reference clock generator of the second phase-locked loop.
17. The first node of claim 9, wherein one or more of the following is true:
the second node is configured for measured data transmission of the measured values of the second phase to the first node; and
the first node is configured for measured data transmission of the measured values of the first phase to the second node.
18. The first node of claim 9, wherein the first and second carrier signals are transmitted according to industry standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.1.
19. The first node of claim 9, wherein the first and second carrier signals are transmitted according to industry standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A polyvinyl acetal-based resin comprising an acetalized resin of a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) comprising 0.4 to 1.2 mol % of a 1,2-diol structural unit in a side chain represented by following formula (1) and saponified to a degree of 95 mol % or higher:
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom or an organic group, and X represents a single bond or a bonding chain, and
the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is acetalized to a degree of 60 to 80 mol %.
2. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1, wherein all of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are a hydrogen atom, and X is a single bond in the formula (1).
3. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is a saponified copolymer of a vinyl ester-based monomer with a compound represented by following formula (2):
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom or an organic group; X represents a single bond or a bonding chain; and each of R7 and R8 independently represents a hydrogen atom or R9\u2014CO\u2014 where R9 is an alkyl group.
4. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) is acetalized with butyraldehyde.
5. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1,
wherein the organic group for R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are optionally substituted with at least one group independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an ester group, a carboxylic acid group, and a sulfonic acid group.
6. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1,
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) has an average polymerization degree in a range from 100 to 4,000 when measured according to JIS K6726.
7. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1, wherein elastic modulus of the polyvinyl acetal-based resin is higher than elastic modulus of a polyvinyl acetal-based resin having no 1,2-diol structural unit in a side chain.
8. The polyvinyl acetal-based resin according to claim 1,
wherein the polyvinyl acetal-based resin is soluble in alcohol, and
the polyvinyl acetal-based resin has stable storage viscosity.