1. A printed circuit board, comprising:
an electrically conductive bonding pad disposed on an outer surface of the printed circuit board, the bonding pad having a bonding pad perimeter at immediately bounding edges of the bonding pad, and
an electrically conductive via directly electrically contacting the bonding pad and disposed within the printed circuit board relative to the bonding pad, the via having a via perimeter at immediately bounding edges of the via,
where the via perimeter overlaps the pad perimeter such that a portion of the via perimeter is within the pad perimeter and a portion of the via perimeter is outside the pad perimeter.
2. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the bonding pad is a ball bonding pad.
3. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the bonding pad is a passive component bonding pad, where the passive components include at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor.
4. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the bonding pad is a wire bonding pad.
5. A package substrate, comprising:
an electrically conductive bonding pad disposed on an outer surface of the package substrate, the bonding pad having a pad perimeter at immediately bounding edges of the bonding pad, and
an electrically conductive via directly electrically contacting the bonding pad and disposed within the package substrate relative to the bonding pad, the via having a via perimeter at immediately bounding edges of the via,
where the via perimeter overlaps the pad perimeter such that a portion of the via perimeter is within the pad perimeter and a portion of the via perimeter is outside the pad perimeter.
6. The package substrate of claim 5, wherein the bonding pad is a ball bonding pad.
7. The package substrate of claim 5, wherein the bonding pad is a bump bonding pad.
8. The package substrate of claim 5, wherein the bonding pad is a wire bonding pad.
9. The package substrate of claim 5, wherein the bonding pad is a passive component bonding pad, where the passive components include at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A pulverulent coated flame retardant comprising a phosphorus-containing andor nitrogen-containing flame retardant wherein the silazanes andor silazane-organosiloxane mixtures are used as coating material.
2. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing andor nitrogen-containing flame retardant is ammonium orthophosphate, ammonium diphosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, melamine phosphate, melamine orthophosphate, melamine diphosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, melamine borate, melamine cyanurate, melamine borophosphate, melamine 1,X-phthalate, andor melamine oxalate; melem, melam, melon, melam polyphosphate, melem polyphosphate andor melon polyphosphate.
3. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing andor nitrogen-containing flame retardant is ammonium diphosphate andor ammonium polyphosphate.
4. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in one claim 1, wherein the silazanes used comprise dimeric andor polymeric silazanes of the formula (1)
\u2014(SiR\u2032R\u2033\u2014NR\u2032\u2033)n\u2014\u2003\u2003(1)
where R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2032\u2033 are identical or different and are mutually independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, vinyl, or (trialkoxysilyl)alkyl moiety, where n is an integer and n is such that the number-average molar mass of the silazane is from 70 to 150 000 gmol.
5. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in one or more of claim 1, wherein the silazanes used comprise those of the formula (2),
\u2014(SiR\u2032R\u2033\u2014NR\u2032\u2033)n\u2014(SiR*R**\u2014NR***)p\u2014\u2003\u2003(2)
wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, R\u2032\u2033, R*, R**, and R*** are mutually independently and are hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, vinyl, or (trialkoxysilyl)alkyl moiety, and n and p are such that the number-average molar mass of the silazane is from 150 to 150 000 gmol.
6. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 6, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, R\u2032\u2033, R*, R**, and R*** in the silazane of the formula (1) andor formula (2) are mutually independently a moiety from the group of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, vinyl, or 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl.
7. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 5, wherein, in the silazane of the formula (2),
R\u2032, R\u2032\u2033, and R*** are hydrogen and R\u2033, R*, and R** are methyl andor vinyl, or
R\u2032 and R\u2032\u2033 are hydrogen, R\u2033, R*, and R** are methyl and R*** is (trialkoxysilyl)propyl, or
R\u2032, R\u2032\u2033, R*, and R*** are hydrogen, and R\u2033 and R** are methyl.
8. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organosiloxane of the silazane-organosiloxane mixtures is alkoxysiloxane andor oligomeric alkoxysiloxane comprising linear, branched, functionalized, andor cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, aryl andor vinyl groups.
9. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organosiloxane is 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-acryloxypropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrialkoxysilane, vinyltrialkoxysilane, vinyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, propyltrialkoxysilane, butyltrialkoxysilane, pentyltrialkoxysilane, hexyltrialkoxysilane, heptyltrialkoxysilane, octyltrialkoxysilane, propylmethyldialkoxysilane, butylmethyldialkoxysilane, andor phenyltrialkoxysilane, phenylmethyldialkoxysilane, andor is an oligomeric vinyl-functional, aryl-functional, andor alkyl-functional alkoxysiloxane.
10. The pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed claim 1, wherein from 1 to 50 parts by weight of the silazane or of a mixture of silazane and organosiloxane are applied to 100 parts by weight of flame retardant.
11. A process for the production of a pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, comprising the step of applying the silazanes andor silazane-organosiloxane mixtures directly or in the form of a solution to the pulverulent flame retardant.
12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the silazanes andor silazane-organosiloxane mixtures are applied by spraying or injection, or in droplet form, or by pouring onto the pulverulent flame retardants kept in motion via mixers, kneaders, stirrers, or gas.
13. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the temperature of the pulverulent flame retardant has been controlled in advance to from 10 to 200\xb0 C.
14. The process as claimed in claim 13, wherein hardening is then carried out for from 5 min to 24 h at temperatures of from 10 to 200\xb0 C.
15. A process for the production of a pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of suspending the flame retardant in a solvent and heating with the silazanes andor silazane-organosiloxane mixtures to from 10 to 200\xb0 C. for from 5 min to 24 h, with stirring.
16. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein hardening is then carried out for from 5 min to 24 h at temperatures of from 10 to 200\xb0 C.
17. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the ratio by weight of silazane to organosiloxane is from 100:0 to 1:99.
18. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the ratio by weight of silazane to organosiloxane is from 75:25 to 1:99.
19. An intumescent coating, polyolefin and other polymers comprising the pulverulent coated flame retardant as claimed in claim 1.