1. A method, comprising:
detecting a potential for interference between a transmitting subsystem of a terminal and a receiving subsystem of a terminal, wherein the detecting the potential for interference comprises determining a required use of the receiving subsystem; and
buffering transmission by the transmitting subsystem of the terminal so as to lower a duty cycle of the transmitting subsystem, wherein the buffering transmission comprises holding packets for transmission in a secondary buffer located logically prior to a main buffer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the potential for interference comprises determining that the transmitting subsystem has a duty rate in excess of a predetermined threshold.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
reporting, by the terminal, only the status of the main buffer when providing a buffer status report to a base station.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting subsystem is a long term evolution communication subsystem.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving subsystem is a global positioning system navigational subsystem.
6. A computer program embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which when executed in hardware performs a process, the process comprising:
detecting a potential for interference between a transmitting subsystem of a terminal and a receiving subsystem of a terminal, wherein the detecting the potential for interference comprises determining a required use of the receiving subsystem; and
buffering transmission by the transmitting subsystem of the terminal so as to lower a duty cycle of the transmitting subsystem, wherein the buffering transmission comprises holding packets for transmission in a secondary buffer located logically prior to a main buffer.
7. The computer program of claim 6, wherein the detecting the potential for interference comprises determining that the transmitting subsystem has a duty rate in excess of a predetermined threshold.
8. The computer program of claim 6, the process further comprising:
reporting only the status of the main buffer when providing a buffer status report to a base station.
9. The computer program of claim 6, wherein the transmitting subsystem is a long term evolution communication subsystem.
10. The computer program of claim 6, wherein the receiving subsystem is a global positioning system navigational subsystem.
11. An apparatus, comprising:
at least one memory including computer program code; and
at least one processor,
wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to
detect a potential for interference between a transmitting subsystem of a terminal and a receiving subsystem of a terminal, wherein the detecting the potential for interference comprises determining a required use of the receiving subsystem; and
buffer transmission by the transmitting subsystem of the terminal so as to lower a duty cycle of the transmitting subsystem, wherein the buffering transmission comprises holding packets for transmission in a secondary buffer located logically prior to a main buffer.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to detect the potential for interference by determining that the transmitting subsystem has a duty rate in excess of a predetermined threshold.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to report only the status of the main buffer when providing a buffer status report to a base station.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the transmitting subsystem is a long term evolution communication subsystem.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the receiving subsystem is a global positioning system navigational subsystem.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for energy management, comprising:
receiving parameters from management system components;
optimizing for selected objective functions;
generating an optimal operation schedule for the system components;
optimizing operations of electric vehicles (EVs) for mobile energy storage (MES); and
analyzing economic and environmental impacts.
2. The method of claim 1, comprising modeling of the EVs for optimal planning, operation, and control purposes.
3. The method of claim 1, comprising determining energy balance of the MES as:
\uf74d
mes
,
t
=
(
1
–
\u03a6
mes
)
\ue89e
e
mes
,
t
–
1
+
\u03c4
\ue8a0
(
p
mes
,
t
chg
\ue89e
\u03b7
mes
chg
–
p
mes
,
t
dch
\u03b7
mes
dch
)
+
E
mes
,
t
conn
–
E
mes
,
t
disc
where Emes,tconn and Emes,tdisc represent energy level of EVs connected to and disconnected from the building at time t, respectively.
4. The method of claim 1, comprising determining energy storage level of MES is limited by minimum and maximum available capacities of the MES at each time interval, Emes,t and \u0112mes,t respectively, as follows:
SOCmes\u0112mes,t\u2266emes,t\u2266 SOCmes\u0112mes,t
where \u0112mes,t takes into account physically available connected capacity of EVs to the building and the EV owners’ preferences on available energy at the disconnection time of the EV.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein if EV owners do not provide any specific disconnection time energy level of their vehicles, determining \u0112mes,t of the MES is built based on the rated capacity connected and disconnected EVs’ batteries using the following equation:
\u0112mes,t=(\u0112mes,t-1+\u0112mes,tconn\u2212\u0112mes,tdisc)
Emes,t=(\u0112mes,t-1+\u0112mes,tconn\u2212\u0112mes,tdisc)
where \u0112mes,tconn and \u0112mes,tdisc represent connected and disconnected EV capacities at time t.
6. The method of claim 1, comprising considering chargedischarge constraints of EVs.
7. The method of claim 6, comprising applying constraints to ensure that pmes,tchg and pmes,tdch are less than maximum charging and discharging power of the MES at each time interval:
0\u2266pmes,tchg\u2266umes,tchg Pmes,t
0\u2266pmes,tdch\u2266umes,tdch Pmes,t
where Pmes,t and Pmes,t are calculated as follows:
Pmes,t=( Pmes,t-1+ Pmes,tconn\u2212 Pmes,tdisc).
8. The method of claim 6, comprising determining operational and maintenance costs of the MES with degradation costs and charging and discharging cycles capacity loss of the MES.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the capacity loss is proportional to the number of charging and discharging cycles as follows:
\ue89e
v
ses
,
t
chg
\u2265
u
ses
,
t
chg
–
u
ses
,
t
–
1
chg
\ue89e
v
ses
,
t
dch
\u2265
u
ses
,
t
dch
–
u
ses
,
t
–
1
dch
C
mes
,
t
=
C
mes
dg
\ue89e
1
2
\ue89e
(
v
mes
,
t
chg
+
v
mes
,
t
dch
)
+
C
mes
c
\ue89e
E
_
mes
,
t
+
p
mes
,
t
dch
\u03b7
mes
dch
\ue89e
C
mes
,
t
s
–
p
mes
,
t
chg
\u03b7
mes
chg
\ue89e
C
mes
,
t
d
where Cmesdg represents costs of the MES degradation per cycle to be paid by the \u03bcG operator to EV owners to reimburse their battery degradation due to charge and discharge by the EMS, Cmesc denotes capacity costs to be paid by the \u03bcG operator to EV owners for the hours connecting their vehicles to the building EMS. Cmes,ts and Cmes,td represent the selling and buying energy price of the EV, respectively.
10. The method of claim 1, comprising modeling degradation costs of EV batteries.
11. The method of claim 10, comprising determining
C
mes
,
t
=
C
mes
dg
\ue89e
1
2
\ue89e
(
v
mes
,
t
chg
+
v
mes
,
t
dch
)
+
C
mes
c
\ue89e
E
_
mes
,
t
+
p
mes
,
t
dch
\u03b7
mes
dch
\ue89e
C
mes
,
t
s
–
p
mes
,
t
chg
\u03b7
mes
chg
\ue89e
C
mes
,
t
d
where Cmesdg represents costs of the MES degradation per cycle to be paid by the \u03bcG operator to EV owners to reimburse their battery degradation due to charge and discharge by the EMS, Cmesc denotes capacity costs to be paid by the \u03bcG operator to EV owners for the hours connecting their vehicles to the building EMS.
12. The method of claim 1, comprising modeling contribution of EVs in Spinning Reserve requirements.
13. The method of claim 12, comprising determining:
Pses,tsp and pmes,tsp represent the spinning reserve provided by the SES and MES at time t, respectively, and calculated as follows:
p
ses
,
t
sp
=
min
\ue89e
{
(
e
ses
,
t
–
SOC
_
ses
\ue89e
E
_
ses
)
\u03c4
,
P
_
ses
–
p
ses
,
t
dch
}
p
mes
,
t
sp
=
min
\ue89e
{
(
e
mes
,
t
–
SOC
_
mes
\ue89e
E
_
mes
,
t
)
\u03c4
,
P
_
mes
,
t
–
p
mes
,
t
dch
}
;
and
reformulating constraints as follows:
p
ses
,
t
sp
\u2264
(
e
ses
,
t
–
SOC
_
ses
\ue89e
E
_
ses
)
\u03c4
p
ses
,
t
sp
\u2264
P
_
ses
–
p
ses
,
t
dch
p
mes
,
t
sp
\u2264
(
e
mes
,
t
–
SOC
_
mes
\ue89e
E
_
mes
,
t
)
\u03c4
p
mes
,
t
sp
\u2264
P
_
mes
,
t
–
p
mes
,
t
dch
.
14. The method of claim 1, comprising performing modeling of a grid connection by a microgrid and the grid, wherein a connection between the microgrid and the grid has a maximum power transfer capability limit as follows:
\u2212Pg\u2266pg,t\u2266 Pg.
15. The method of claim 1, comprising considering peak demand charges for grid connection.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein a grid-connected mode, a microgrid participates in ancillary service markets of the grid market using:
psp,t=\u03a3i=1Ni( Piui,t\u2212pi,t)+\u03a3m=1Nm( Pmum,t\u2212pm,t)+\u03a3f=1Nf( Pfuf,t\u2212pf,t)+pmes,tsp+pses,tsp\u22120.1PD,t
where psp,t is the amount of spinning reserve power that the \u03bcG can offer in the ancillary service market.
17. The method of claim 1, comprising formulating Maximization of Daily Profit Objective function.
18. The method of claim 17, comprising modeling daily profit of the microgrid as follows:
min
\ue89e
\ue89e
p
dc
\ue89e
C
g
dc
+
\u2211
t
=
1
T
\ue89e
\u03c4
\ue8a0
–
p
sp
,
t
\ue89e
C
g
,
t
sp
+
p
g
,
t
\ue89e
C
g
,
t
s
+
\u2211
i
=
1
N
l
\ue89e
c
i
,
t
+
\u2211
m
=
1
N
m
\ue89e
c
m
,
t
+
\u2211
f
=
1
N
f
\ue89e
c
f
,
t
+
c
pv
om
+
c
ses
,
t
+
c
mes
,
t
where Cg,tsp, Cg,ts, and Cgdc denote spinning reserve price, energy charges, and demand charges of the grid, respectively.
19. The method of claim 17, comprising minimizing GHG Emissions Objective function.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein minimization of GHG emissions of the microgrid in a grid-connected mode comprises:
min
\ue89e
\u2211
t
=
1
T
\ue89e
\u03c4
\ue89e
\u2003
\u2211
i
=
1
N
i
\ue89e
\u025b
i
GHG
\ue89e
p
i
,
t
\u03b7
i
+
\u025b
m
GHG
\ue89e
p
m
,
t
\u03b7
m
+
\u025b
f
GHG
\ue89e
p
f
,
t
\u03b7
f
+
\ue89e
\u025b
g
,
t
GHG
\ue89e
p
g
,
t
+
(
e
mes
,
T
–
e
mes
,
0
)
\ue89e
\u025b
mes
GHG
where \u03b5g,tGHG denotes marginal GHG emission of the grid at time t.