1. An avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) modified by substitution of at least one amino acid residue, wherein said at least one residue is located within a type II polyproline (PPII) helix of the polypeptide when the polypeptide is in a tertiary form.
2. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, wherein at least two or three amino acid residues on the PPII helix are substituted.
3. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, further modified by substitution of at least one amino acid residue in the linker region between the PPII helix and the alpha helix domain of the polypeptide.
4. The modified polypeptide of claim 3, wherein at least two amino acid residues on the linker region are substituted.
5. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said at least one substituted residue of the PPII helix is selected from a site on a first protein through which the first protein interacts with a second protein.
6. The modified polypeptide of claim 5, wherein the first protein is selected from the group consisting of: zyxin, vinculin, and the ActA protein of Listeria monocytogenes.
7. The modified polypeptide of claim 5, wherein the second protein is selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila Enabled (Ena), mammalian Mena, vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), EnabledVASP-like protein (Evl), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP).
8. The modified polypeptide of claim 5, wherein the site is a protein binding site.
9. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, having an amino acid sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5.
10. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the modified polypeptide binds to a protein selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila Enabled (Ena), mammalian Mena, vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), EnabledVASP-like protein (Evl), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP).
11. The modified polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the modified polypeptide preferentially binds to one protein selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila Enabled (Ena), mammalian Mena, vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), EnabledVASP-like protein (Evl), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), but doe not bind to the other proteins of the group.
12. The modified polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the modified polypeptide inhibits interaction between the known protein and the second protein.
13-17. (canceled)
18. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an isolated polypeptide comprising any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-5;
(b) an isolated polypeptide comprising a fragment of at least twelve contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5;
(c) an isolated polypeptide comprising one or more amino acid substitutions in any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-5; and
(d) an isolated polypeptide at least 95 percent identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5.
19-20. (canceled)
21. A method of identifying an avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) miniature protein that modulates the interaction between a known protein and a second protein, comprising a step of isolating at least one recombinant phage clone from a phage display library that displays a protein scaffold that modulates the association between a known protein and a second protein, the phage display library comprising a plurality of recombinant phase that express a protein scaffold modified by substitution of at least one amino acid residue, said at least one residue being exposed on a type II polyproline (PPII) helix of the polypeptide when the polypeptide is in a tertiary form.
22-38. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A light filter, comprising:
a pair of opposed substrates having a gap therebetween;
an electrode disposed on each of said substrates, wherein each pairing of said electrode and said substrate has associated therewith reflective properties;
a polymer film disposed on and chemically bonded to one of said electrodes, wherein application of a voltage across said electrodes causes a corresponding uniform change in a thickness of said polymer film.
2. The light filter according to claim 1, further comprising:
a reflective coating disposed on one of each said electrode and said substrate pairing.
3. The light filter according to claim 2, wherein said reflective coatings have a reflectance greater than 75%.
4. The light filter according to claim 3, wherein said reflectance is greater than 90%.
5. The light filter according to claim 4, wherein said reflectance is greater than 99%.
6. The light filter according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of spacers disposed between said substrates to maintain said gap, wherein a change in said thickness of said polymer film results in a variation of an optical path length of the filter.
7. The light filter according to claim 6, wherein application of said voltage causes said polymer film to change from an unactivated condition to either a compressed condition or an extended condition.
8. The light filter according to claim 7, wherein said extended condition of said polymer film is less than said gap.
9. The light filter according to claim 7, wherein said thickness of said polymer film in said unactivated condition is less than five microns.
10. The light filter according to claim 7, wherein said thickness of said polymer film in said unactivated condition is less than one micron.
11. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film is a soft solid having a tangent delta of less than 0.15 and modulus of less than about 40,000 pascals.
12. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film is a soft solid having a tangent delta of less than 0.05.
13. The light filter according to claim 1, further comprising:
a controller connected to said electrodes to control application of said voltage to said polymer film.
14. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film comprises a monolayer.
15. The light filter according to claim 14, wherein said polymer film comprises a polar group that causes said polymer film to be responsive to application of said voltage.
16. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic, polyurethane, saturated rubber, polysiloxane, and copolymers and terpolymers thereof, and wherein the polymer is modified to be responsive to an electric field.
17. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer comprises polysiloxane.
18. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein said polymer comprises polymer having a polydispersity of less than about 1.5.
19. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein said polymer comprises polymer molecules that contains from zero up to about 1.5 ionic groups per polymer molecule.
20. The light filter according to claim 19, wherein the polymer molecules contain one or more ionic groups selected from the group consisting of sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate, phosphate, polyphosphate, carboxylate, acrylate, germinate, silicate, and ammonium groups.
21. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein the polysiloxane is grafted to one or more low molecular weight polymers selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polyethers, polystyrenes, polysulphones, polyureas, polyamides, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and epoxy resins.
22. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein the polysiloxane includes one or more non-reactive groups selected from the group consisting of phenyl groups, fluoroalkyl groups, alkyl groups containing 2 or more carbon atoms, and cyano groups.
23. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein the polysiloxane is bonded chemically or physically to nano particles, wherein the nano particles are selected from the group consisting of nanoclay, activated calcium carbonate, silica, POSS, and surface modified silica.
24. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein the polysiloxane is bonded at multiple sites to phenyl silanes selected from the group consisting of triphenyl silane and triphenyl vinyl silane.
25. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein said polymer comprises polymer molecules contain one or more non-ionic polar functional groups with unsymmetrical charge distribution.
26. The light filter according to claim 25, wherein said non-ionic polar functional groups are selected from the group consisting of polypropylene oxide, polyphenylene oxide, and polyvinyl ethers.
27. The light filter according to claim 17, wherein the polysiloxane is linear polydimethyl siloxane.
28. The light filter according to claim 27, wherein said linear polydimethyl siloxane has two methyl groups bonded to each silicon atom.
29. The light filter according to claim 28, wherein at least one of said methyl groups is replaced by another substituent on a low percentage of silicon atoms.
30. The light filter according to claim 29, wherein said substituent is selected from the unreactive group consisting of phenyl groups, fluoroalkyl groups, alkyl groups containing two or more carbon atoms and cyano groups.
31. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer comprises a polymer having cationic functionality.
32. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer comprises a polymer having anionic functionality.
33. The light filter according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second polymer film disposed on and chemically bonded to the other of said electrodes, wherein application of said voltage across said electrodes causes corresponding changes in thickness of said polymer films, and wherein said polymer films are sized to not contact the other upon application of said voltage.
34. The light filter according to claim 1, further comprising:
an anti-reflective coating disposed on a side of one of said substrates outside of said gap, said substrate facing a light source.
35. The light filter according to claim 34, further comprising:
an absorption layer disposed on a side of the other substrates outside of said gap and away from said light source.
36. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film is patterned coated on said electrode.
37. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said polymer film and said electrodes are patterned to form a matrix of filters.
38. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said electrode is a reflective material.
39. The light filter according to claim 38, wherein said reflective material is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum and alloys thereof.
40. The light filter according to claim 39, further comprising a dielectric material coated on said reflective material.
41. The light filter according to claim 1, wherein said uniform change in said thickness of said polymer film results in a change in an optical path length between said pair of opposed substrates.