1. A high resolution optical imaging method, comprising:
illuminating at one or more incidence angles, one or more structures and cells of tissue components using one or more predetermined off-axis illumination sources;
microscopically interrogating said illuminated structures and cells using one or more optical elements, wherein said optical elements further comprise long working distance objectives;
collecting one or more spectral bands andor a degree of polarization states resulting from said interrogating step; and
processing said collected one or more spectral bands andor polarization states resulting from said one or more incidence illumination angles so as to enhance image contrast and visibility of said interrogated structures and cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more incidence angles comprises incidence angles of up to about 90 degrees.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one or more spectral bands andor polarization states are selected from: scattered optical radiation; autofluorescence emission, and exogenous contrast agent emission.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined off-axis illumination sources are configured to comprise an emission output of one or more wavelengths greater than about 200 nm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said characterizing step further comprises producing images having a spatial resolution of down to about 0.5 \u03bcm.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined off-axis illumination sources comprise continuous wave (CW) sources.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined off-axis illumination sources can be configured to produce a pulsed output of less than about 10 \u03bcsec in duration.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined off-axis illumination sources can be configured to comprise a polarized or structured in intensity output.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said collected at least one or more spectral bands andor polarization states further comprise: scattered optical radiation; autofluorescence emission, and exogenous contrast agent emission.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said polarization steps comprise a perpendicular or parallel-polarized component.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein said collected autofluorescence emission further comprises emission from a chromophore excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis illumination sources.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein said collected fluorescence emission comprises emission from a contrast agent excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis illumination sources.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises imaging said structures and cells resulting from ultra-violet (UV) excitation induced autofluorescence.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises imaging said structures and cells in the visible andor near-infra red (NIR).
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises sectioning via imaging of said tissue components as a result of said one or more incidence angles.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises real-time in-vivo analysis of said structures and cells in said tissue components.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises providing a data base of characterized tissue structures and cells.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step further comprises inter-image manipulation after one or more images are collected at one or more predetermined incidence angles.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein said tissue components comprises at least one tissue selected from: cancer, stomach, dental, kidney, colon, breast, skin, nails, brain, pancreas, bladder, esophagus, bone marrow, and normal tissue.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein said long working distance objectives comprises one or more objectives having a numerical aperture (N.A.) of greater than about 0.3 to enable working distances of between 3 mm, and up to about 50 mm.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more optical elements further comprise a predetermined projection lens distance so as to improve the contrast of in-focus features of said tissue components.
22. A hyperspectralmultimodal apparatus, comprising:
one or more off-axis optical radiation sources configured to illuminate at one or more incidence angles the one or more structures and cells of predetermined tissue components;
an optical microscopic: further comprising long working distance optical elements configured to collect one or more spectral bands andor polarization states resulting from said illuminated structures and cells;
one or more detectors arranged to record said collected one or more spectral bands andor polarization states; and
means to process said collected one or more spectral bands andor polarization states so as to provide enhanced image contrast and visibility in said structures and cells of said tissue components.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said one or more incidence angles comprises angles of up to about 90 degrees.
24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said apparatus comprises a spatial resolution of down to about 0.5 \u03bcm.
25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said long working distance optical elements further comprise one or more objectives having a numerical aperture (N.A.) of greater than about 0.3.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said one or more objectives can be arranged to provide a long working distance of between 3 mm and up to about 50 mm.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said long working distances enables off-axis illumination of said tissue components so as to substantially eliminate spectral noise resulting from one or more optical components.
28. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said apparatus can be configured for real-time in-vivo analysis of said structures and cells in said tissue components.
29. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said one or more detectors comprise at least one detector selected from: a spectrometer, a two-dimensional array detector, a multi-array detector, an on-chip amplification CCD camera, and a back-illuminated, liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector.
30. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said processing means comprises a computer having image processing software and one or more display means.
31. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources comprise continuous wave (CW) sources.
32. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources are configured to produce a pulsed output of less than about 10 \u03bcsec in duration.
33. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources are configured to emit one or more wavelengths greater than about 200 nm.
34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources can be configured to comprise a polarized or structured in intensity output.
35. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said collected at least one or more spectral bands andor polarization states further comprise: scattered optical radiation; autofluorescence emission, and exogenous contrast agent emission.
36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said collected autofluorescence emission further comprises emission from a chromophore excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis optical radiation sources.
37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said collected fluorescence emission comprises emission from a contrast agent excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis optical radiation sources.
38. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said polarization states comprise a perpendicular or parallel-polarized component.
39. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for processing further comprises imaging said structures and cells resulting from ultra-violet (UV) excitation induced autofluorescence.
40. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for processing further comprises imaging said structures and cells in the visible andor near-infra red (NIR).
41. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for processing further comprises sectioning via imaging of said tissue components as a result of said one or more incidence angles.
42. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for processing further comprises a data base of characterized tissue structures and cells.
43. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for processing further comprises inter-image manipulation.
44. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said tissue components comprises at least one tissue selected from: cancer, stomach, dental, kidney, colon, breast, skin, nails, brain, pancreas, bladder, esophagus, bone marrow, and normal tissue.
45. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said apparatus can be configured as a portable endoscopic system.
46. A hyperspectralmultimodal apparatus, comprising:
one or more off-axis optical radiation sources configured to illuminate at one or more incidence angles the one or more structures and cells of predetermined tissue components;
an optical microscopic: further comprising long working distance optical elements and a predetermined projection lens distance configured to enable collection of one or more spectral bands andor polarization states resulting from said illuminated structures and cells;
one or more detectors arranged to record at least one or more spectral bands andor polarization states comprising: scattered optical radiation; autofluorescence emission, and fluorescence emission collected from said optical microscope;
means to process said recorded scattered optical radiation; said autofluorescence emission, and said fluorescence emission so as to provide enhanced image contrast and visibility of said structures and cells.
47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said one or more incidence angles comprises angles of up to about 90 degrees.
48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said apparatus comprises a spatial resolution of down to about 0.5 \u03bcm.
49. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said long working distance optical elements further comprise one or more objectives having a numerical aperture (N.A.) of greater than about 0.3.
50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein said one or more objectives can be arranged to provide a long working distance of between 3 mm and up to about 50 mm.
51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein said long working distances enables off-axis illumination of said tissue components so as to substantially eliminate spectral noise resulting from one or more optical components.
52. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said apparatus can be configured for real-time in-vivo analysis of said structures and cells in said tissue components.
53. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said one or more detectors comprise at least one detector selected from: a spectrometer, a two-dimensional array detector, an on-chip amplification CCD camera, and a back-illuminated, liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector.
54. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said processing means comprises a computer having image processing software and one or more display means.
55. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources comprise continuous wave (CW) sources.
56. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources are configured to produce a pulsed output of less than about 10 \u03bcsec in duration.
57. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources are configured to emit one or more wavelengths greater than about 200 nm.
58. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein said one or more off-axis optical radiation sources can be configured to comprise a polarized or structured in intensity output.
59. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said recorded autofluorescence emission further comprises emission from a chromophore excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis optical radiation sources.
60. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said recorded fluorescence emission comprises emission from a contrast agent excited by said predetermined one or more off-axis optical radiation sources.
61. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said polarization states comprise a perpendicular or parallel-polarized component.
62. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said means for processing further comprises imaging said structures and cells resulting from ultra-violet (UV) excitation induced autofluorescence.
63. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said means for processing further comprises imaging said structures and cells in the visible andor near-infra red (NIR).
64. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said means for processing further comprises sectioning via imaging of said tissue components as a result of said one or more incidence angles.
65. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said means for processing further comprises a data base of characterized tissue structures and cells.
66. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said means for processing further comprises inter-image manipulation.
67. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said tissue components comprises at least one tissue selected from: cancer, stomach, dental, kidney, colon, breast, skin, nails, brain, pancreas, bladder, esophagus, bone marrow, and normal tissue.
68. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said apparatus can be configured as a portable endoscopic system.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An electrical conductor useful in an electrical machine, the conductor comprising:
a conductor cross section and a length in a longitudinal direction;
a recess in the conductor longitudinal direction at least along a section of the conductor, configured and arranged for integrated arrangement of a signal conductor; and
a wound bar, and wherein the bar includes a plurality of partial conductors;
wherein the recess runs transversely over said plurality of partial conductors.
2. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the recess comprises a slot-shaped groove.
3. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the recess comprises a separation of the electrical conductor.
4. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, comprising a bar.
5. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the recess runs along at least one of said plurality of partial conductors.
6. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of recesses arranged at different positions of the conductor.
7. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, configured and arranged for building into an electrical generator or transformer.
8. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the recess is configured and arranged for integrated arrangement of an optical waveguide.
9. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the wound bar comprises a Roebel bar.
10. An electrical conductor useful in an electrical machine, the conductor comprising:
a conductor cross section and a length in a longitudinal direction;
a recess in the conductor longitudinal direction at least along a section of the conductor, configured and arranged for integrated arrangement of a signal conductor; and
a wound bar, and wherein the bar includes a plurality of partial conductors;
wherein the recess comprises a conductor cable gap produced by removing at least one of said plurality of partial conductors from the bar.
11. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, wherein the recess comprises a slot-shaped groove.
12. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, wherein the recess comprises a separation of the electrical conductor.
13. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, comprising a bar.
14. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, wherein the recess runs along at least one of said plurality of partial conductors.
15. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, further comprising:
a plurality of recesses arranged at different positions of the conductor.
16. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, configured and arranged for building into an electrical generator or transformer.
17. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, wherein the recess is configured and arranged for integrated arrangement of an optical waveguide.
18. An electrical conductor according to claim 10, wherein the wound bar comprises a Roebel bar.
19. A measuring unit comprising:
an electrical conductor according to claim 1; and
a signal conductor arranged in the recess of the electrical conductor.
20. A measuring unit according to claim 19, further comprising:
at least one temperature sensor or at least one strain measuring sensor, configured and arranged such that signals generated by the at least one sensor are conducted into the signal conductor.
21. A measuring unit according to claim 19, wherein the signal conductor is configured and arranged to perform sensor functions, the sensor is a component of the signal conductor, or both.
22. A measuring unit according to claim 19, further comprising:
an optical waveguide arranged such that it insulates conductive paths from one another, insulates the conductor bar, or both.
23. A measuring unit according to claim 19, further comprising:
a tube; and
wherein the optical waveguide is integrated in the tube.
24. A measuring unit according to claim 19, wherein the signal conductor comprises an optical waveguide.
25. A measuring unit comprising:
an electrical conductor according to claim 10; and
a signal conductor arranged in the recess of the electrical conductor.
26. A measuring unit according to claim 25, further comprising:
at least one temperature sensor or at least one strain measuring sensor, configured and arranged such that signals generated by the at least one sensor are conducted into the signal conductor.
27. A measuring unit according to claim 25, wherein the signal conductor is configured and arranged to perform sensor functions, the sensor is a component of the signal conductor, or both.
28. A measuring unit according to claim 25, further comprising:
an optical waveguide arranged such that it insulates conductive paths from one another, insulates the conductor bar, or both.
29. A measuring unit according to claim 28, further comprising:
a tube; and
wherein the optical waveguide is integrated in the tube.
30. A measuring unit according to claim 25, wherein the signal conductor comprises an optical waveguide.