1. A fuel cell formed by stacking a membrane electrode assembly and first and second separators sandwiching the membrane electrode assembly, said membrane electrode assembly including a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte membrane interposed between said electrodes, a reactant gas passage for passing a reactant gas therethrough and extending through said separator in the stacking direction,
said first and second separators each comprising:
a reactant gas flow field formed at a position corresponding to a power generation area of said electrode for supplying the reactant gas to said electrode, wherein the reactant gas flow field comprises a fuel gas field formed on the first separator to supply a fuel gas to one of the electrodes, and an oxygen-containing gas flow field formed on the second separator to supply an oxygen-containing gas to the other electrode; and
a buffer area provided between said reactant gas flow field and said reactant gas passage for stirring the reactant gas,
said membrane electrode assembly comprising a humidification section facing said buffer area, wherein water permeates through said humidification section from said buffer area,
the buffer area of said first separator and the buffer area of said second separator facing each other through said membrane electrode assembly,
the water in the fuel gas permeating from the fuel gas flow field to the oxygen-containing gas flow field through a first humidification section,
the water in the oxygen-containing gas permeating from the oxygen-containing gas flow field to the fuel gas flow field through a second humidification section,
the fuel gas and the oxygen-containing gas flowing in a counterflowing manner.
2. A fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein a resistance member is provided in said buffer area for providing resistance to the flow of said reactant gas.
3. A fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein said resistance member comprises a plurality of columnar resistance members.
4. A fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein said resistance member comprises a plurality of cylindrical protrusions.
5. A fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein said resistance member includes an inclined guide for guiding the reactant gas toward said membrane electrode assembly.
6. A fuel cell according to claim 5, wherein said resistance member comprises a plurality of pyramid shaped resistance members, and wherein each of said pyramid shaped resistance members includes an inclined surface, which is tapered toward said membrane electrode assembly, acting as said inclined guide.
7. A fuel cell according to claim 5, wherein said resistance member comprises a plurality of prismatic resistance members, and wherein each of said prismatic resistance members comprises a first inclined surface oriented along a flow direction of said reactant gas and acting as said inclined guide, and a second steeply inclined surface, positioned on an opposite side of said first inclined surface.
8. A fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein said electrode comprises an electrode catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer, and wherein said humidification section comprises said gas diffusion layers only.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method to generate diffusion information representing diffusion of predetermined molecules in tissue of a subject, comprising:
operating a magnetic resonance data acquisition unit, in which a subject is located, to obtain a plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of the subject, with each of said diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images being generated with a respective, individual diffusion gradient;
in a computerized processor, sorting the diffusion gradients to produce, after sorting, respective groups of said diffusion gradients with a predetermined number of said diffusion gradients in each group and each of said diffusion gradients belonging to at least one of said groups, to place diffusion gradients in respective groups of at least two diffusion gradients per group that are, within the respective groups, as linearly independent of each other as possible by having an absolute value of a scalar product of the at least two diffusion gradients that is minimal;
in said processor, for each of said groups, combining the respective magnetic resonance images that were generated using the respective diffusion gradients in the respective group to form, for each group, a magnetic resonance result image;
in said processor, determining spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images that represent movement of said subject that exists in the respective magnetic resonance result images for which the spatial transformation is determined;
in said processor, using the respective spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images to modify the respective magnetic resonance result images to account for said movement in bringing the respective magnetic resonance result images into registration with each other;
in said processor, forming diffusion information based on the modified magnetic resonance result images; and
at a display in communication with said processor, displaying said magnetic resonance images with said diffusion information embodied therein.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
sorting said diffusion gradients before obtaining said plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images, and thereby defining respective magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted images associated with each group of diffusion gradients; and
acquiring all magnetic resonance images associated with a same group of diffusion gradients in immediate succession.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
obtaining said plurality of diffusion-weighted images with a first b-value;
operating said magnetic resonance data acquisition unit to obtain additional diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images with a second b-value that is smaller than said first b-value; and
overlying said magnetic resonance result images directly in registration with said additional diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
obtaining said plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images with a first b-value;
operating said magnetic resonance data acquisition unit to obtain additional diffusion-weighted images with a second b-value that is smaller than said first b-value; and
determining motion information representing movement of said subject when overlying said magnetic resonance result images in registration with each other, and using said motion information to bring said additional magnetic resonance images into registration with each other.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4 comprising:
overlying said additional magnetic resonance images in registration with each other and obtaining first movement information from the registration of said additional magnetic resonance images;
obtaining second movement information from the registration of said magnetic resonance result images; and
determining movement parameters that best correspond to said first movement information and said second movement information and implementing a final registration of said additional magnetic resonance images using said movement parameters.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said predetermined number of diffusion gradients in each group is three, and sorting said diffusion gradients to cause respective diffusion gradients in each group to be as orthogonal to each other as possible by having an absolute value of a scalar product of any two of the three diffusion gradients that is minimal.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6 comprising:
in said processor, calculating, for each group, an index that decreases dependent on a degree to which the three diffusion gradients in the respective group are orthogonal to each other;
calculating a sum of all respective indices for all of said groups; and
sorting said diffusion gradients to make said sum as small as possible.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 comprising:
in said processor, requiring each group to satisfy max(|DV1\xb7DV2|,|DV1\xb7DV3|,|DV2\xb7DV3|) <S wherein max(a,b,c) is a function that returns the maximum of a, b and c as a function value, and wherein DVi is the i-th diffusion gradient of the respective group, normalized to the length 1, and S is a threshold; and
sorting said plurality of diffusion gradients to make said threshold S as small as possible.
9. A method as claimed in claim 6 comprising defining or sorting said diffusion gradients to cause two successive groups of said diffusion gradients to include a same diffusion gradient in each of said two successive groups.
10. A method as claimed in claim 6 comprising sorting said diffusion gradients to cause two successive groups of said diffusion gradients to include two same diffusion gradients in both of said two successive groups.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising defining said diffusion gradients to cause a distribution of respective directions of said diffusion gradients to be as uniform as possible.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising
overlying said magnetic resonance result images in registration with each other in real time and detecting a direction of said movement of said subject from the registration of the magnetic resonance result images; and
for a current slice of said subject from which said diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images are obtained, adapting a direction of said current slice dependent on said direction of movement.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
operating said magnetic resonance data acquisition unit with a multi-shot technique to generate said plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images, said multi-shot technique comprising a plurality of scans that are subject to phase errors;
correcting said phase errors by scanning navigator signals in a center of k-space in each scan of said multi-shot technique; and
implementing the registration of said magnetic resonance result images dependent on information obtained from said navigator signals.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
operating said magnetic resonance data acquisition unit with a multi-shot technique to acquire said plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images by scanning multiple slices of the subject in succession with a k-space segment of each slice being scanned before an additional k-space segment of each slice is scanned;
scanning a same k-space segment for all of said slices with diffusion gradients in a same group before said additional k-space segment is scanned; and
scanning said additional k-space segment only when said same k-space segment has been completely scanned with all diffusion gradients of said same group, for said slices.
15. A magnetic resonance apparatus to generate diffusion information representing diffusion of predetermined molecules in tissue of a subject, comprising:
a magnetic resonance data acquisition unit;
a control unit configured to operate said magnetic resonance data acquisition unit with a subject therein, to obtain a plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of the subject, with each of said diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images being generated with a respective, individual diffusion gradient;
a computerized processor configured to sort the diffusion gradients to produce, after sorting, respective groups of said diffusion gradients with a predetermined number of said diffusion gradients in each group and each of said diffusion gradients belonging to at least one of said groups, to place diffusion gradients in respective groups of at least two diffusion gradients per group that are, within the respective groups, as linearly independent of each other as possible by having an absolute value of a scalar product of the at least two diffusion gradients that is minimal;
said processor being configured to, for each of said groups, combine the respective magnetic resonance images that were generated using the respective diffusion gradients in the respective group to form, for each group, a magnetic resonance result image;
said processor being configured to determine spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images that represent movement of said subject that exists in the respective magnetic resonance result images for which the spatial transformation is determined;
said processor being configured to use the respective spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images to modify the respective magnetic resonance result images to account for said movement in bringing the respective magnetic resonance result images into registration with each other;
said processor being configured to form diffusion information based on the modified magnetic resonance result images; and
a display in communication with said processor, and said processor being configured to cause said magnetic resonance images to be displayed at said display with said diffusion information embodied therein.
16. A non-transitory, computer-readable data storage medium encoded with programming instructions, said storage medium being loaded into a computerized control and evaluation system of a magnetic resonance system that comprises a magnetic resonance data acquisition unit, said programming instructions causing said computerized control and evaluation system to:
operate the magnetic resonance data acquisition unit with a subject therein, to obtain a plurality of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of the subject, with each of said diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images being generated with a respective, individual diffusion gradient;
sort the diffusion gradients to produce, after sorting, respective groups of said diffusion gradients with a predetermined number of said diffusion gradients in each group and each of said diffusion gradients belonging to at least one of said groups, to place diffusion gradients in respective groups of at least two diffusion gradients per group that are, within the respective groups, as linearly independent of each other as possible by having an absolute value of a scalar product of the at least two diffusion gradients that is minimal;
for each of said groups, combine the respective magnetic resonance images that were generated using the respective diffusion gradients in the respective group to form, for each group, a magnetic resonance result image;
determine spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images that represent movement of said subject that exists in the respective magnetic resonance result images for which the spatial transformation is determined;
use the respective spatial transformations between respective magnetic resonance result images to modify the respective magnetic resonance result images to account for said movement in bringing the respective magnetic resonance result images into registration with each other;
form diffusion information based on the modified magnetic resonance result images; and
at a display of said control and evaluation system, displaying said magnetic resonance images with said diffusion information embodied therein.