1. A composition comprising: stabilized silver nanoparticles, a gellant and a optional wax,
wherein the gellant and the stabilized silver nanoparticles are in the presence of a solvent selected from the group consisting of an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon, a mineral oil and an alkane, and mixtures thereof.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein a stabilizer in the stabilized silver nanoparticles is an organoamine selected from the group consisting methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, hexadecylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, diaminopentane, diaminohexane, diaminoheptane, diaminooctane, diaminononane, diaminodecane, diaminooctane, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, methylpropylamine, ethylpropylamine, propylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, ethylpentylamine, propylpentylamine, butylpentylamine, tributylamine, trihexylamine and mixtures thereof.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein a concentration of silver nanoparticles in the composition is from about 5 weight percent to about 80 weight percent.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein a concentration of gellant in the composition is from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula
wherein R1 and R2 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, a heteroatom, and combinations thereof.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein R1 and R2 each represent phenol.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is an ester terminated polyamide gellant.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula
wherein -C34H56+a each independently represents a branched alkylene group and wherein a is an integer from 0 to 12.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula
wherein -C34H56+a- each independently represents a branched alkylene group, a is an integer from 0 to 12 and p is an integer from 2 to 3.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula,
wherein -C34H56+a- each independently represents a branched alkylene group, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 12 and wherein q is an integer from 2 to 3.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula,
wherein -C34H56+a- each independently represents a branched alkylene group, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 12 and wherein r is an integer from 2 to 3.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent and the alkane solvent have from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the alkane solvent is dodecane.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an alcohol having from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms.
15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the alcohol is a monoterpene alcohol.
16. A method of forming conductive features on a substrate, the method comprising:
providing a composition comprised of stabilized silver nanoparticles, a gellant, an optional wax and a solvent,
depositing the composition onto the substrate, and
heating the composition on the substrate to a temperature from about 120\xb0 C. to about 250\xb0 C. to form conductive features on the substrate, and
wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon, a mineral oil and an alkane solvent, and mixtures thereof.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gellant is a compound represented by the formula,
wherein R1 and R2 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, a heteroatom, and combinations thereof.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein R1 and R2 each represent a phenol.
19. The method according to claim 16, wherein each of the isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent and the alkane solvent having from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms.
20. The method according to claim 16, wherein a stabilizer in the stabilized silver nanoparticles is an organoamine selected from the group consisting methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, hexadecylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, diaminopentane, diaminohexane, diaminoheptane, diaminooctane, diaminononane, diaminodecane, diaminooctane, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, methylpropylamine, ethylpropylamine, propylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, ethylpentylamine, propylpentylamine, butylpentylamine, tributylamine, trihexylamine and mixtures thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A steam turbine comprising:
a rotor having a plurality of rotor blades;
a plurality of guide vanes spaced apart from the blades; and
a casing shell formed by a plurality of casing segments, at least one of the casing segments provided with at least one integrated cooling channel, wherein the rotor and the plurality of guide vanes are arranged inside the casing shell, wherein the cooling channel is oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of the rotor.
2. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cooling channel is positioned inside a wall of a corresponding casing segment, the cooling channel offset toward a inner surface of said wall relative to a center plane.
3. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rotor blades and guide vanes-form a plurality of bladevane rows, the cooling channel extending over at least two successive bladevane rows, as viewed in the longitudinal direction of the rotor.
4. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cooling channels are combined to form a common cooling system which is integrated in the casing shell.
5. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cooling channel is connected via a number of overflow openings to a flow space for a flow medium, the flow space surrounded by the casing shell.
6. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rotor blades and guide vanes form a plurality of bladevane rows, the cooling channel extending over at least two successive bladevane rows, as viewed in the longitudinal direction of the rotor.
7. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cooling channels are combined to form a common cooling system which is integrated in the casing shell, and wherein a plurality of guide vanes are attached to the casing shell, wherein each of the guide vanes is cooled via an integrated branch channel connected to the cooling system.
8. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cooling channel is connected via a number of overflow openings to a flow space for a flow medium, the flow space surrounded by the casing shell.
9. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 8, wherein the respective cooling channel and the overflow openings are dimensioned such that in the operating state the coolant is at a slightly higher pressure than the flow medium.
10. The steam turbine as claimed in claim 9, wherein the cooling channel has at least one overflow opening for each turbine stage.
11. A method for operating a steam turbine having a casing shell formed by a plurality of casing segments, comprising:
providing at least one cooling channel integrated into a casing segment or a casing shell;
at least partially admitting coolant via the cooling channel to the casing shell delimiting the space for a flow medium; and
flowing a coolant through the cooling channel,
wherein the coolant is steam, wherein the coolant entering from the cooling passage is admixed to the flow medium, and wherein the coolant is fed into the flow medium at a pressure which is more than the pressure prevailing in the flow medium at the corresponding mixing location.
12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the coolant is guided at a pressure which, as viewed in the longitudinal direction of the rotor, is matched to the pressure prevailing locally in the flow space of the flow medium.
13. A steam turbine comprising:
a rotor having a plurality of rotor blades;
a plurality of guide vanes spaced apart from the blades; and
a casing shell formed by a plurality of casing segments, at least one of the casing segments provided with at least one integrated cooling channel, wherein the rotor and the plurality of guide vanes are arranged inside the casing shell, and a cooling medium comprising steam flows through the cooling channel, wherein the cooling channel is positioned inside a wall of a corresponding casing segment, the cooling channel offset toward a inner surface of said wall relative to a center plane, and wherein the cooling channel is oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of the rotor.