1. A method for improving tactile sensitivity and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of a subject, utilizing a computing device to present stimuli to the subject, and to record responses from the subject, the method comprising:
providing a joystick, communicatively coupled to the computing device, and configured to provide commands to the computing device, wherein the joystick comprises:
a base;
a shaft movably coupled to the base; and
a textured surface covering at least a portion of the joystick, wherein the textured surface comprises a specified level of bumpiness; and
executing a computer-implemented exercise, comprising:
presenting one or more stimuli to the subject via a computer display, including presenting at least one target;
requiring the subject to respond to the stimuli via the joystick, including requiring the subject to use the joystick to move a cursor to the at least one target, and, upon reaching the at least one target, disengage the subject’s hand from the joystick, wherein the subject is required to perform said moving and reaching within a specified duration;
recording the subject’s response to the stimuli;
determining whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
indicating to the subject whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
modifying the specified duration based on whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli; and
repeating said presenting, said requiring, said recording, said determining, said indicating, and said modifying a plurality of times in an iterative manner to improve tactile sensitivity, and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of the subject, wherein said repeating comprises performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions, wherein each condition specifies one or more attributes of the stimuli, their presentation, andor the textured surface of the joystick, and wherein the conditions become more difficult as the exercise progresses, and wherein said performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions comprises progressively modifying one or more of the attributes as the subject progresses through the exercise, and wherein said presenting one or more stimuli comprises presenting a plurality of targets in succession, including presenting a path to each successive target;
wherein said requiring the subject to respond comprises:
for each target, requiring the subject to move the cursor to the target along the path for the target using the joystick, hold the cursor in the target for a specified time interval, and disengage from the joystick; and
wherein each successive target is presented only after the previous target has been responded to.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the bumpiness comprises a plurality of bumps at a specified density and range of bump sizes.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said disengaging the subject’s hand from the joystick comprises:
the subject letting go of the joystick; and
the subject pressing a key of the computing device or the joystick to indicate that the subject has let go of the joystick.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the joystick further comprises one or more sensors coupled to the shaft, configured to detect engagement of the subject’s hand with the joystick, and wherein said disengaging the subject’s hand from the joystick comprises:
the subject letting go of the joystick;
the joystick sensing the disengagement with the one or more sensors; and
the joystick indicating the disengagement.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the joystick further comprises a rugose surface.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying the duration comprises:
modifying the duration in accordance with a maximum likelihood procedure.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the maximum likelihood procedure comprises one or more of:
a QUEST (quick estimation by sequential testing) threshold procedure; or
a ZEST (zippy estimation by sequential testing) threshold procedure.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying the duration comprises:
modifying the duration in accordance with one or more of:
an N-upM-down procedure, comprising:
increasing the duration if the subject incorrectly performs N trials consecutively; and
decreasing the duration if the subject correctly performs M trials consecutively; or
receiving user input to the computing device from a clinician or attendant modifying the duration according to a specified scheme.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying the duration comprises:
increasing the duration if the subject failed to respond correctly to the stimuli; and
decreasing the duration if the subject responded correctly to the stimuli.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
assessing the subject’s progress in the exercise two or more times.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said assessing the subject’s progress is performed using a maximum likelihood procedure.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein, maximum likelihood procedure comprises one or more of:
a QUEST (quick estimation by sequential testing) threshold procedure; or
a ZEST (zippy estimation by sequential testing) threshold procedure.
13. The method of claim 1,
wherein said presenting one or more stimuli comprises presenting a plurality of targets in succession;
wherein said requiring the subject to respond comprises:
for each target, requiring the subject to move the cursor to the target using the joystick, hold the cursor in the target for a specified time interval, and disengage from the joystick; and
wherein each successive target is presented only after the previous target has been responded to.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the plurality of conditions specifies one or more attributes, wherein the attributes comprise one or more of:
target size;
number of targets;
distance to next target;
bumpiness of the textured surface of the joystick; or
rugosity of the textured surface of the joystick.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of conditions specifies one or more attributes, wherein the attributes comprise one or more of:
width of the path;
number of corners in the path;
length of distance to travel; or
number of border hits allowed before a failure.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the attributes further comprise one or more of:
target size;
number of targets;
distance to next target;
bumpiness of the textured surface of the joystick; or
rugosity of the textured surface of the joystick.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
indicating whether or not the subject responded correctly, wherein said indicating is performed audibly andor graphically.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein said repeating occurs a specified number of times each day, for a number of days.
19. A computer readable memory medium that stores program instructions for improving tactile sensitivity and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of a subject, utilizing a computing device to present stimuli to the subject, and to record responses from the subject, wherein the program instructions are executable to perform:
receiving commands from a joystick coupled to the computing device, wherein the joystick comprises:
a base;
a shaft movably coupled to the base; and
a textured surface covering at least a portion of the joystick, wherein the textured surface comprises a specified level of bumpiness; and
executing a computer-implemented exercise, comprising:
presenting one or more stimuli to the subject via a computer display, including presenting at least one target;
requiring the subject to respond to the stimuli via the joystick, including requiring the subject to use the joystick to move a cursor to the at least one target, and, upon reaching the at least one target, disengage the subject’s hand from the joystick, wherein the subject is required to perform said moving and reaching within a specified duration;
recording the subject’s response to the stimuli;
determining whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
indicating to the subject whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
modifying the specified duration based on whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli; and
repeating said presenting, said requiring, said recording, said determining, said indicating, and said modifying a plurality of times in an iterative manner to improve tactile sensitivity and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of the subject, wherein said repeating comprises performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions, wherein each condition specifies one or more attributes of the stimuli, their presentation, andor the textured surface of the joystick, and wherein the conditions become more difficult as the exercise progresses, and wherein said performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions comprises progressively modifying one or more of the attributes as the subject progresses through the exercise, and wherein said presenting one or more stimuli comprises presenting a plurality of targets in succession, including presenting a path to each successive target;
wherein said requiring the subject to respond comprises:
for each target, requiring the subject to move the cursor to the target along the path for the target using the joystick, hold the cursor in the target for a specified time interval, and disengage from the joystick; and
wherein each successive target is presented only after the previous target has been responded to.
20. A system, comprising:
a computing device, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory, coupled to the processor, wherein the memory stores program instructions for improving tactile sensitivity and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of a subject; and
a joystick, communicatively coupled to the computing device, and configured to provide commands to the computing device, wherein the joystick comprises:
a base;
a shaft movably coupled to the base; and
a textured surface covering at least a portion of the joystick, wherein the textured surface comprises a specified level of bumpiness;
wherein the program instructions are executable by the processor to:
execute a computer-implemented exercise, wherein to execute the computer-implemented exercise, the program instructions are executable to:
present one or more stimuli to the subject via a computer display, including presenting at least one target;
require the subject to respond to the stimuli via the joystick, including requiring the subject to use the joystick to move a cursor to the at least one target, and, upon reaching the at least one target, disengage the subject’s hand from the joystick, wherein the subject is required to perform said moving and reaching within a specified duration;
record the subject’s response to the stimuli;
determine whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
indicate to the subject whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli;
modify the specified duration based on whether the subject responded correctly to the stimuli; and
repeat said presenting, said requiring, said recording, said determining, said indicating, and said modifying a plurality of times in an iterative manner to improve tactile sensitivity and precision and accuracy of motor control of the hand of the subject, wherein said repeating comprises performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions, wherein each condition specifies one or more attributes of the stimuli, their presentation, andor the textured surface of the joystick, and wherein the conditions become more difficult as the exercise progresses, and wherein said performing a plurality of trials under each of a plurality of conditions comprises progressively modifying one or more of the attributes as the subject progresses through the exercise, and wherein said presenting one or more stimuli comprises presenting a plurality of targets in succession, including presenting a path to each successive target;
wherein said requiring the subject to respond comprises:
for each target, requiring the subject to move the cursor to the target along the path for the target using the joystick, hold the cursor in the target for a specified time interval, and disengage from the joystick; and
wherein each successive target is presented only after the previous target has been responded to.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for manufacturing a spark plug comprising the steps of:
providing a noble metal chip, a center electrode having a distal end face and a ground electrode having a side surface facing the distal end face of the center electrode;
laser-beam-welding the noble metal chip to one of the center electrode and the ground electrode at a position corresponding to a spark discharge gap to form a noble-metal spark portion having a discharge face;
the method characterized by;
forming a chip joint face portion on one of the electrodes from a heat-resistant alloy predominately containing Ni or Fe and attaching the noble metal chip to the chip joint face to thereby form a chip attached assembly;
providing a laser beam generator and a grated-index- type fiber optic cable having a core and an optical emissions section; and,
forming a full circled laser-beam weld metal portion on the chip-attached assembly along a circumferential direction of the noble metal chip to intrude into the noble metal chip and into the chip joint face formation portion without reaching the discharge face with respect to a thickness direction by irradiating the noble metal chip and chip joint face formation portion without reaching the discharge face by irradiating the chip attached assembly with a laser beam generator and transmitting a laser beam through the core of the fiber optic cable and the emissions section while condensed by the optical emissions section.
2. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 1, wherein the emission section of the grated- index-type fiber optic cable includes a group of spherical- aberration correction lenses and the laser beam transmitted through and emitted from the grated-index-type fiber optic cable is condensed by the group of spherical-aberration correction lenses.
3. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 2, wherein the laser beam transmitted through and emitted from the graded-index-type fiber optic cable is condensed in the optical emission section to produce a laser beam spot diameter of 0.6 mm or less.
4. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 3, in which the laser beam irradiates the chip attached assembly in a pulsed form at an irradiation energy per pulse of 0.5\u20132.5 J and a pulse width of 3\u20138 milliseconds.
5. A method for manufacturing with claim 4, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
6. A method for manufacturing with claim 3, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
7. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 2, in which the laser beam irradiates the chip attached assembly in a pulsed form at an irradiation energy per pulse of 0.5\u20132.5 J and a pulse width of 3\u20138 milliseconds.
8. A method for manufacturing with claim 7, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
9. A method for manufacturing with claim 2, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
10. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 1, wherein the laser beam transmitted through and emitted from the graded-index-type fiber optic cable is condensed in the optical emission section to produce a laser beam spot diameter of 0.6 mm or less.
11. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 3, in which the laser beam irradiates the chip attached assembly in a pulsed form at an irradiation energy per pulse of 0.5\u20132.5 J and a pulse width of 3\u20138 milliseconds.
12. A method for manufacturing with claim 11, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
13. A method for manufacturing with claim 10, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
14. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 1, in which the laser beam irradiates the chip attached assembly in a pulsed form at an irradiation energy per pulse of 0.5\u20132.5 J and a pulse width of 3\u20138 milliseconds.
15. A method for manufacturing with claim 14, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
16. A method for manufacturing a spark plug in accordance with claim 1, in which the chip attached assembly is irradiated at a pulse frequency of 2\u201330 pulses per second.
17. A method for manufacturing a spark plug comprising the steps of:
providing a noble metal chip, a center electrode having a distal end face and a ground electrode having a side surface facing the distal end face of the center electrode;
laser-beam-welding the noble metal chip to one of the center electrode and the ground electrode at a position corresponding to a spark discharge gap to form a noble-metal spark portion having a discharge face;
the method characterized by;
forming a chip joint face portion on one of the electrodes from a heat-resistant alloy predominately containing Ni or Fe and attaching the noble metal chip to the chip joint face to thereby form a chip attached assembly;
providing a laser beam generator and a grated-index- type fiber optic cable having a core and an optical emissions section; and,
forming a full circled laser-beam weld metal portion on the chip-attached assembly along a circumferential direction of the noble metal chip to intrude into the noble metal chip and into the chip joint face formation portion without reaching the discharge face with respect to a thickness direction by irradiating the noble metal chip and chip joint face formation portion without reaching the discharge face by irradiating the chip attached assembly with a laser beam generator and transmitting a laser beam through the core of the fiber optic cable and the emissions section while condensed by the optical emissions section, wherein said noble metal spark portion includes an axis and wherein dw is adjusted to greater than 0.55 where d represents a penetration depth of said full circle laser-beam weld metal portion and w represents a weld metal width of said full-circle laser-beam weld metal portion.
18. The method for manufacturing a spark plug according to claim 17, further comprising the step of adjusting hH to not less than 0.5, wherein H is the thickness of said noble metal chip as measured along a direction of said axis of said center electrode, h is a spark portion thickness equal to the shortest distance measured between a peripheral edge of said discharge face and a corresponding edge of said full-circle laser-beam weld metal portion.