What is claimed is:
1. A process for preparing a latex polymer, comprising:
(i) preparing an emulsion of monomers in water without surfactant;
(ii) adding a free radical initiator to at least a portion of said emulsion to initiate seed polymerization to form seed polymer, wherein said free radical initiator attaches to said seed polymer, forming ionic, hydrophilic end groups on the seed polymer; and
(iii) adding additional monomer to the composition formed in step (ii) to complete emulsion polymerization thus forming a latex polymer.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein no surfactant is used in the preparation of the latex polymer.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein said monomer emulsion further comprises a chain transfer agent.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein said monomer added in step (iii) is in the form of a monomer emulsion in water.
5. A process according to claim 4, wherein only a portion of the monomer emulsion of step (i) is used in step (ii) and the remainder of the monomer emulsion of step (i) is added in step (iii).
6. A process according to claim 5, wherein said portion of the monomer emulsion used in step (ii) is about 0.5 to 50% by weight of the monomer emulsion.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein said monomers used to prepare an emulsion in step (i) comprise more than one kind of monomer.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein an initiator is also added during step (iii).
9. A process according to claim 8, wherein said initiator is a free radical initiator.
10. A process according to claim 9, wherein said free radical initiator is an initiator that attaches to a polymer to form ionic, hydrophilic end groups thereon.
11. A process according to claim 1, wherein said free radical initiator is a persulfate initiator.
12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the free radical initiator added in step (ii) is from 5 to 100 percent by weight of the total amount of initiator used to prepare the latex polymer.
13. A process according to claim 1, wherein said free radical initiator is added over the course of at least five minutes.
14. A process for preparing toner, comprising:
(i) preparing an emulsion of monomers in water without surfactant;
(ii) adding a free radical initiator to at least a portion of said emulsion to initiate seed polymerization to form seed polymer, wherein said free radical initiator attaches to said seed polymer, forming ionic, hydrophilic end groups on the seed polymer;
(iii) adding additional monomer to the composition formed in step (ii) to complete emulsion polymerization thus forming a latex polymer;
(iv) aggregating a colorant with the latex polymer; and
(v) coalescing or fusing the aggregates to form toner particles.
15. A process according to claim 14, wherein no surfactant is used in the preparation of the latex polymer of step (iii).
16. A process according to claim 14, wherein the colorant is in a dispersion, which contains a surfactant.
17. A process according to claim 14, further comprising adding a flocculant to the latex polymer before the latex polymer is aggregated with the colorant.
18. A process according to claim 14, wherein said aggregates further comprise a charge control agent.
19. A process according to claim 14, wherein the colorant is a pigment.
20. A process according to claim 14, wherein the colorant is a dye.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A vehicle comprising:
a pair of front wheels;
at least a pair of rear wheels;
a frame portion supported by the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels;
a first seat portion, a second seat portion and a third seat portion supported by the frame portion and disposed side by side in this order in a width direction of the vehicle;
a steering wheel in front of the first seat portion; and
a grab bar at least a portion of which is disposed directly in front of the third seat portion; wherein
the grab bar includes a first grip portion directly in front of the second seat portion.
2. The vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising a display device directly in front of the second seat portion to display information about the traveling state of the vehicle; wherein
the display device includes an upper end at a lower position than an upper end of the steering wheel; and
the first grip portion is at a lower position than the upper end of the display device.
3. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the first grip portion includes a rear end at a more rearward position than a center of the steering wheel.
4. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the first grip portion includes an upper end at a lower position than a center of the steering wheel.
5. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the first grip portion is on a side closer to the third seat portion than a center line of the second seat portion in the width direction.
6. The vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the first grip portion includes a center on a side closer to the third seat portion than the center line.
7. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the grab bar includes a second grip portion directly in front of the third seat portion; and
the first grip portion is at a more rearward position than the second grip portion.
8. The vehicle according to claim 7, wherein
the grab bar includes a first grab bar including the first grip portion and a second grab bar including the second grip portion; and
the first grab bar and the second grab bar are integral with each other.
9. A vehicle comprising:
a pair of front wheels;
at least a pair of rear wheels;
a frame portion supported by the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels;
a first seat portion, a second seat portion and a third seat portion supported by the frame portion and disposed side by side in this order in a width direction of the vehicle;
a steering wheel in front of the first seat portion; and
a grab bar at least a portion of which is disposed directly in front of the third seat portion; wherein
the grab bar includes a first grip portion in front of the second seat portion;
the grab bar further includes a first mounting portion attached to the frame portion in front of the second seat portion and a connecting portion connecting the first grip portion and the first mounting portion to each other; and
the first mounting portion is at a lower position than the first grip portion.
10. A vehicle comprising:
a pair of front wheels;
at least a pair of rear wheels;
a frame portion supported by the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels;
a first seat portion, a second seat portion and a third seat portion supported by the frame portion and disposed side by side in this order in a width direction of the vehicle;
a steering wheel in front of the first seat portion; and
a grab bar at least a portion of which is disposed directly in front of the third seat portion; wherein
the grab bar includes a first grip portion in front of the second seat portion;
the grab bar includes a second grip portion in front of the third seat portion; and
the second grip portion is at a higher position than the first grip portion.
11. The vehicle according to claim 10, wherein
the grab bar includes a first mounting portion attached to the frame portion and a second mounting portion disposed on a side of the vehicle spaced away from the steering wheel in the width direction of the vehicle when viewed from the first mounting portion and attached to the frame portion; and
the second mounting portion is at a higher position than the first mounting portion.
12. The vehicle according to claim 10, wherein
the grab bar includes a first grab bar including the first grip portion and a second grab bar including the second grip portion; and
the first grab bar and the second grab bar are integral with each other.
13. A vehicle comprising:
a pair of front wheels;
at least a pair of rear wheels;
a frame portion supported by the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels;
a driver seat portion and a passenger seat portion supported by the frame portion and disposed in a width direction of the vehicle, the passenger seat portion being located on a side of the vehicle spaced away from the driver seat portion;
a steering wheel in front of the driver seat portion; and
a grab bar at least a portion of which is disposed directly in front of the passenger seat portion; wherein
the grab bar includes a first grip portion disposed to cross a center line of the vehicle in the width direction.
14. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein the first grip portion includes a rear end at a more rearward position than a center of the steering wheel.
15. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein the first grip portion includes an upper end at a lower position than a center of the steering wheel.
16. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the first grip portion is on a side of the vehicle closer to the passenger seat portion than the center line of the vehicle in the width direction.
17. The vehicle according to claim 16, wherein the first grip portion includes a center on a side closer to the passenger seat portion than the center line.
18. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein
the grab bar includes a first mounting portion attached to the frame portion and a second mounting portion disposed on a side of the vehicle spaced away from the steering wheel in the width direction of the vehicle when viewed from the first mounting portion and attached to the frame portion; and
the second mounting portion is at a higher position than the first mounting portion.
19. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein
the grab bar includes a second grip portion directly in front of the passenger seat portion; and
the first grip portion is at a more rearward position than the second grip portion.