1. A method for treating pulmonary disease comprising delivering directly to a patient’s lungs a therapeutically effective amount of oxybutynin in combination with one or more pharmaceutically effective agents.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein oxybutynin is delivered in dry powder form.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein pharmaceutically effective agent is delivered in dry powder form.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dry powder oxybutynin is selected from the group consisting of a xinafoate salt, a palmitate salt, a pamoic salt, a resonate salt and a laurate salt.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein oxybutynin comprises oxybutynin xinafoate.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically effective agents comprise bronchodilators, antiinflammatories, corticosteroids, inhaled corticosteroid, corticosteroid reversal agents, alveolar growth agents, proteinase inhibitors, or protease inhibitors.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the bronchodilators comprise long-acting beta agonists and short-acting beta agonists and derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the antiinflammatories comprise inhaled corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors or leukotriene receptor antagonists.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the corticosteroids comprise budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, triamcinolone, ciclesonide, loteprednol, fluorometholone, and derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein the corticosteroid reversal agent comprises vitamin D, synthetic vitamin D, vitamin D analogs, vitamin D receptor agonists, vitamin D receptor partial agonists, calcitriol, antioxidants, iNOS inhibitors, Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-.delta. inhibitors, p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, JNK inhibitors, MIF inhibitors, low-dose theophylline, p-glycoprotein inhibitors, macrolides, calcineurin inhibitors, statins and equivalents thereof.
11. The method of claim 6, wherein the alveolar growth agent comprises vitamin A, All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists and RAR selective alveolar growth agents, RAR selective agonists, palovarotene and equivalents thereof.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the oxybutynin comprises oxybutynin xinofoate, and the long-acting beta agonist comprises formoterol, salmeterol, odalaterol, carmoterol or vilanterol.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising an inhaled corticosteroid wherein the inhaled corticosteroid comprises budesonide, fluticasone, or mometasone.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising a selective agent selected from a soft steroid class, wherein the soft steroid class comprises ciclesonide or loteprednol.
15. The method of claim 12, further comprising a CR reversal agent, wherein the CR reversal agent is selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, vitamin D analogs, synthetic vitamin D, vitamin D receptor agonists and antagonists, calcitol and equivalents thereof.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising a CR reversal agent wherein the CR reversal agent is selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, vitamin D analogs, synthetic vitamin D, vitamin D receptor agonists and antagonists, calcitol and equivalents thereof.
17. The method of claim 1,
wherein the oxybutynin comprises oxybutynin xinofoate, the pharmaceutically effective agents comprise
a long-acting beta agonist comprising formoterol,
and an alveolar growth agent selected from the group consisting ATRA, cis-retionoic acid and palovarotene.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulmonary disease comprises asthma, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, lung cancer, pneumonia or pulmonary edema.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulmonary disease comprises chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
wherein the oxybutynin comprises oxybutynin xinofoate,
and wherein the pharmaceutically effective agents comprise long acting muscarinic antagonists.
20. The method according to claim 1, wherein oxybutynin and the pharmaceutically effective agent is delivered using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or a metered dose inhaler (MDI) or liquid nebulizer.
21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the dry powder inhaler includes a piezo vibrator.
22. The method according to claim 1, wherein oxybutynin is delivered in dry powder form having a mass median aerodynamic particle size selected from the group consisting of 0.5-20 microns, 0.5-15 microns, 0.5-10 microns, or 0.5-5 microns.
23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dosage of the therapeutically effective amount of oxybutynin in combination with one or more pharmaceutically effective agents is within the range of 0.001 to 20 mg per day, 0.02 to 15 mg per day, or 0.05 to 10 mg per day administered as needed.
24. A method for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comprising delivering directly to a patient’s lungs a therapeutically effective amount of oxybutynin in combination with one or more pharmaceutically effective agents.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein oxybutynin is selected from the group consisting of a xinafoate salt, a palmitate salt, a pamoic salt, a resonate salt and a laurate salt.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A six-piece optical lens system comprising, in order from an object side to an image side:
a first lens element with a negative refractive power having a concave image-side surface, at least one of an object-side and the image-side surfaces of the first lens element being aspheric;
a second lens element with a positive refractive power having a convex image-side surface, at least one of an object-side and the image-side surfaces of the second lens element being aspheric;
a third lens element with a positive refractive power having a convex object-side surface;
a fourth lens element with a negative refractive power having a concave image-side surface, at least one of an object-side and the image-side surfaces of the fourth lens element being aspheric;
a fifth lens element with a positive refractive power having a convex object-side surface;
a sixth lens element with a negative refractive power having a concave image-side surface, at least one of an object-side and the image-side surfaces of the sixth lens element being aspheric; and
one of the third lens element and the fifth lens element being made of glass;
wherein a focal length of the first lens element is f1, a focal length of the second lens element and the third lens element combined is f23, and they satisfy the relation:
1.4<|f1||f23|<2.1.
2. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a stop which is located between the first lens element and the second lens element.
3. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a stop which is located between the second lens element and the third lens element.
4. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focal length of the first lens element is f1, a focal length of the third lens element is f3, and they satisfy the relation:
0.6<|f1||f3|<2.0.
5. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a focal length of the third lens element is f3, a focal length of the fourth lens element is f4, and they satisfy the relation:
0.5<|f3||f4|<1.8.
6. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a focal length of the fourth lens element is f4, a focal length of the fifth lens element is f5, and they satisfy the relation:
0.4<|f4||f5|<1.2.
7. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a focal length of the first lens element, the second lens element and the third lens element combined is f123, a focal length of the six-piece optical lens system is f, and they satisfy the relation:
0.5<|f123||f|<1.0.
8. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a focal length of the fourth lens element, the fifth lens element and the sixth lens element combined is f456, a focal length of the six-piece optical lens system is f, and they satisfy the relation:
2.5<|f456||f|<4.8.
9. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focal length of the second lens element and the third lens element combined is f23, a focal length of the fourth lens element and the fifth lens element combined is f45, and they satisfy the relation:
|f23||f45|<0.3.
10. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focal length of the second lens element and the third lens element combined is f23, a focal length of the fifth lens element and the sixth lens element combined is f56, and they satisfy the relation:
0.3<|f23||f56|<0.8.
11. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a focal length of the six-piece optical lens system is f, a distance from the object-side surface of the first lens element to an image plane along an optical axis is TL, and they satisfy the relation:
|fTL|<0.5.
12. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth lens elements are made of plastic, the fifth lens element is made of glass, the object-side surface of the first lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the first lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the second lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the second lens element are aspheric, the image-side surface of the third lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the third lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the fourth lens element is concave, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the fourth lens element are aspheric, the image-side surface of the fifth lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the fifth lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the sixth lens element is convex, and the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the sixth lens element are aspheric.
13. The six-piece optical lens system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first, second, fourth, fifth and sixth lens elements are made of plastic, the third lens element is made of glass, the object-side surface of the first lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the first lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the second lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the second lens element are aspheric, the image-side surface of the third lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the third lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the fourth lens element is concave, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the fourth lens element are aspheric, the image-side surface of the fifth lens element is convex, the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the fifth lens element are aspheric, the object-side surface of the sixth lens element is convex, and the object-side surface and the image-side surface of the sixth lens element are aspheric.