1. An internal combustion engine, comprising:
a first piston system including:
an engine block;
a cylinder through the engine block;
a piston with piston rings, disposed within the cylinder, the piston including a cavity therein the underside;
a stump member, disposed within the cylinder and sized to be received by the cavity therein the underside of the piston, and having a bore through the center to a direction of travel of the piston;
a connecting rod, with a first end in direct communication with piston, and a second end in direct communication with the crankshaft;
a first combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston, the cylinder, and an upper engine head;
a second combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston, the cylinder, the stump member, and a cylinder floor;
an inlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to a direction of travel of the piston;
an outlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
a sparkplugfuel injector port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
a plurality of multiple heads including:
a plurality of inlet ports and outlet ports;
a plurality of valves, valve springs, valve stem guides, and retainer locks;
an engine head attached to the top of engine block with valves in the direction of piston travel, and in direct communication with first combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, attached to side of an engine block; having recessed valve seats, recessed valves, and in direct communication with second combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, having inlet valve ports and outlet valve ports, in direct communication with inlet ports and outlet ports disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston; and
an engine side rackside head, with an spark plugfuel injector orifice port, in direct communication with spark plugfuel injector orifice port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston.
2. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, further comprising:
a first camshaft in mechanical communication with the valves of the first combustion chamber system;
a second camshaft in mechanical communication with the valves of the second combustion chamber system;
the first piston system in communication with the valves of the first combustion chamber system;
a second piston system in communication with the valves of the second combustion chamber system and substantially identical to the first piston system; and
a distributor system, including:
a distributor; and
a spark plug wire, having:
a first end coupled to the distributor;
a second end in direct electrical communication with the first end and in communication with the first combustion chamber system; and
a third end in direct electrical communication with the first end and in communication with the second combustion chamber system.
3. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, comprising of multiple configurations wherein: the engine block is of a V-configuration or the engine block is of an L-configuration.
4. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein having: a plurality of dual unified plumbing systems, comprising:
a first unified plumbing system, having:
an intake plumbing system in direct communication with the first combustion chamber system inlet port and the second combustion chamber system inlet port; and
a second unified plumbing system, having:
an exhaust plumbing system in direct communication with the first combustion chamber system outlet port and the second combustion chamber system outlet port.
5. An internal combustion engine, consisting essentially of:
a first piston system including:
an engine block;
a cylinder through the engine block;
a piston with piston rings, disposed within the cylinder, the piston including a cavity therein the underside;
a stump member, disposed within the cylinder and sized to be received by the cavity therein the underside of the piston, and having a bore through the center to a direction of travel of the piston;
a connecting rod, with a first end in direct communication with piston, and a second end in direct communication with the crankshaft;
a first combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston, the cylinder, and an upper engine head;
a second combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston, the cylinder, the stump member, and a cylinder floor;
an inlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to a direction of travel of the piston;
an outlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
a sparkplugfuel injector port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston; and
a plurality of multiple heads including:
a plurality of inlet ports and outlet ports;
a plurality of valves, valve springs, valve stem guides, and retainer locks;
an engine head attached to the top of engine block with valves in the direction of piston travel, and in direct communication with first combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, attached to side of an engine block; having recessed valve seats, recessed valves, and in direct communication with second combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, having inlet valve ports and outlet valve ports, in direct communication with inlet ports and outlet ports disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
an engine side rackside head, with an spark plugfuel injector orifice port, in direct communication with spark plugfuel injector orifice port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
a first camshaft in mechanical communication with the valves of the first combustion chamber system;
a second camshaft in mechanical communication with the valves of the second combustion chamber system;
a first piston system in communication with the valves of the first combustion chamber system;
a second piston system in communication with the valves of the second combustion chamber system, and substantially identical to the first piston system; and
a distributor system, including:
a distributor; and
a spark plug wire, having:
a first end coupled to the distributor;
a second end in direct electrical communication with the first end and in communication with the first combustion chamber system; and
a third end in direct electrical communication with the first end and in communication with the second combustion chamber system.
6. The internal combustion engine of claim 5, comprising of multiple configurations wherein: the engine block is of a V-configuration or the engine block is of an L-configuration.
7. The internal combustion engine of claim 6, wherein having: a plurality of dual unified plumbing systems, comprising:
a first unified plumbing system, having:
an intake plumbing system in direct communication with the first combustion chamber system inlet port and the second combustion chamber system inlet port; and
a second unified plumbing system, having:
an exhaust plumbing system in direct communication with the first combustion chamber system outlet port and the second combustion chamber system outlet port.
8. An internal combustion engine, comprising: a first piston system including: an engine block;
a cylinder through the engine block;
a piston disposed within the cylinder, the piston including a cavity therein;
a stump member disposed within the cylinder and sized to be received by the cavity;
a first combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston and the cylinder;
a second combustion chamber within the cylinder defined between the piston, the stump member, and the cylinder when the stump member is disposed within the cavity;
an inlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to a direction of travel of the piston; and
an outlet port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston;
a plurality of multiple heads including:
a plurality of inlet ports and outlet ports;
plurality of valves, valve springs, valve stem guides, and retainer locks; an engine head attached to the top of engine block with valves in the direction of piston travel, and in direct communication with first combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, attached to side of an engine block; having recessed valve seats, recessed valves, and in direct communication with second combustion chamber system;
an engine side rackside head, having inlet valve ports and outlet valve ports, in direct communication with inlet ports and outlet ports disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston; and
an engine side rackside head, with an spark plugfuel injector orifice port, in direct communication with spark plugfuel injector orifice port disposed through the engine block orthogonal to the direction of travel of the piston.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for detecting an analyte in a medium, comprising the steps of:
(i) anchoring a multiplicity of ligands to the analyte to a population of fluorophore-conjugated microspheroidal particles comprising melamine formaldehyde;
(ii) contacting the microspheroidal particles with a negative control sample and determining a baseline spectrum;
(iii) contacting the microspheroidal particles with a sample putatively comprising the analyte for a time and under conditions sufficient to facilitate a binding event between the analyte and its respective ligand; and
(iv) subjecting the microspheroidal particles to a whispering gallery modes (WGM)-based assay using a fixed excitation position determined to produce increased peak variation relative to other excitation positions to detect a binding event.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the micro spheroidal particles are selected to have a higher refractive index relative to the medium in which the detection occurs.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the microspheroidal particle has a refractive index greater than 1.40.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium is a liquid or gas phase.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the liquid phase is an aqueous solution, buffer or biological fluid and the gas phase is air.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the analyte or its respective ligand comprise a molecule selected from the group consisting of: nucleic acid; protein; peptide; antibody; lipid; carbohydrate; bacterium; virus; cell and a small molecule or chemical entity.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the analyte or its respective ligand comprise a nucleic acid.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the nucleic acid comprises single-stranded DNA.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the single-stranded DNA is prepared by digesting double-stranded DNA with a restriction endonuclease andor an exonuclease.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the restriction endonuclease is a Type 1 restriction endonuclease.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the exonuclease is a lambda exonuclease.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein the single-stranded DNA is prepared from an RNA:DNA hybrid molecule.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the RNA:DNA hybrid molecule comprises DNA hybridized to messenger RNA prepared by reverse transcription.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the RNA is viral RNA.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the analyte or ligand is derived from an isolated sample obtained from a biological, industrial, laboratory or environmental source.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the sample comprises material of mineral, synthetic, eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral origin.
17. A method for detecting a binding event between an analyte and a ligand, comprising performing the steps of the method for detecting an analyte in a medium according to claim 1, wherein a change in a WGM profile of the fluorophore upon contacting the microspheroidal particle with the sample putatively comprising the analyte is indicative of a binding event between the analyte and the ligand.