1. A control system for a displacement on demand engine comprising:
an engine having a crankshaft;
a pedal position sensor that generates a pedal position signal based on a position of an accelerator pedal;
a flywheel starter generator (FSG) that communicates with said crankshaft; and
a controller that communicates with said engine, said pedal position sensor and said FSG and that initiates cylinder deactivation during engine operation, wherein said FSG adjusts torque output to said crankshaft to reduce engine speed variation during cylinder deactivation based on said pedal position signal.
2. The control system of claim 1 wherein said FSG operates at a predetermined speed based on engine speed.
3. The control system of claim 1 wherein said controller adjusts current to said FSG to increase torque when engine sag is detected.
4. The control system of claim 1 wherein said controller adjusts current to said FSG to decrease torque when engine boost is detected.
5. A method for operating a vehicle having an engine with a crankshaft and cylinders and a flywheel starter generator (FSG) that communicates with said crankshaft, comprising:
transitioning between an activated operating mode wherein all of the cylinders are operating and a deactivated operating mode wherein less than all of the cylinders are operating;
determining if an accelerator pedal has changed position; and
adjusting torque output to said crankshaft using said FSG to reduce engine speed variation caused by an unrequested change in engine speed in said deactivated mode based on said determination.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising operating said engine at idle speed.
7. The method of claim 5 further comprising operating said FSG at a steady state speed based on said engine speed.
8. A method for operating a vehicle having an engine with a crankshaft and cylinders and a flywheel starter generator (FSG) that communicates with said crankshaft, comprising:
operating the FSG at engine speed;
operating the engine in one of a first mode wherein all of the cylinders are operating and a second mode wherein less than all of the cylinders are operating;
operating the engine in the other of the first mode and second mode defining a transition;
determining if an accelerator pedal has changed position; and
adjusting torque output to said crankshaft using said FSG to reduce engine speed variation caused by an unrequested change in engine speed during said transition wherein adjusting said torque output is based on said determination and includes adjusting current to said FSG.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of adjusting torque includes adjusting current to said FSG to increase torque when engine sag is detected.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of adjusting torque includes adjusting current to said FSG to decrease torque when engine boost is detected.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for the production of acetic acid which process comprises contacting ethane andor ethylene with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in a fluid bed reactor in the presence of a microspheroidal fluidised particulate solid oxidation catalyst, wherein at least 90% of said catalyst particles are less than 300 microns.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least 95% of the catalyst particles are less than 300 microns.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein ethane is contacted with a catalyst comprising molybdenum.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3 whereas the catalyst is MoaWbAgcIrdXeYf wherein
X is selected from the group elements Nb and V
Y is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of
Cr, Mn, Ta, Ti, B, Al, Ga, In, Pt, Zn, Cd, Bi, Ce, Co, Rh, Ir, Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, Ru, Os, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zr, Hf, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Tl, U, Re and Pd;
a, b, c, d, e and f represent the gram ratios of elements such that
0<a\u22661, 0\u2266b<1 and a+b=1
0<(c +d)\u22660.1
0<e\u22662 and
0<f\u22662.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein ethylene is contacted with a catalyst composition comprising metallic palladium, and a heteropoly-acid or salt thereof.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein the catalyst composition comprises a metal selected from Group IB, IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table.
7. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the metal is selected from copper, silver, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium.
8. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein the catalyst comprises (1) metallic palladium, (2) phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstic acid or at least one of the lithium sodium or copper salts thereof; (3) at least one of bismuth, selenium and tellurium.
9. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, or a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
10. A process as claimed claim 1 carried out at a temperature of 130 to 500\xb0 C.
11. A process as claimed in claim1 carried out under a pressure of 1 to 50 bara.
12. An integrated process for the production of acetic acid andor vinyl acetate which comprises:
(a) contacting in a first reaction zone a feedstock comprising ethylene andor ethane and optionally steam with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a microspheroidal fluidised particulate solid oxidation catalyst wherein at least 90% of said catalyst particles are less than 300 microns for the oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid andor ethane to acetic acid to produce a first product stream comprising acetic acid, water and ethylene (either as unreacted ethylene andor as co-produced ethylene) and optionally also ethane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide andor nitrogen; and
(b) contacting in a second reaction zone in the presence or absence of additional ethylene andor acetic acid at least a portion of the first gaseous product stream comprising at least acetic acid and ethylene and optionally also one or more of water, ethane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide andor nitrogen with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst active for the production of vinyl acetate to produce a second product stream comprising vinyl acetate, water, acetic acid and optionally ethylene.
13. An integrated process as claimed in claim 12 which comprises the further steps of:
(c) separating the product stream from step (b) by distillation into an overhead azeotrope fraction comprising vinyl acetate and water and a base fraction comprising acetic acid; and
(d) either (i) recovering acetic acid from the base fraction separated in step (c) and optionally recycling the azeotrope fraction separated in step (c) after partial or complete separation of the water therefrom to step (c),
or (ii) recovering vinyl acetate from the azeotrope fraction separated in step (c) and optionally recycling the base fraction separated in step (c) to step (b),
or (iii) recovering acetic acid from the base fraction separated in step (c) and recovering vinyl acetate from the overhead azeotrope fraction recovered in step (c).
14. A process as claimed in claim 3 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
15. A process as claimed in claim 4 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
16. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
17. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
18. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.
19. A process as claimed in claim 8 wherein the catalyst comprises a binder material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, and a mixture thereof in a concentration of at least 10 wt % of the catalyst composition.