1. A method for fabricating aligned nanostructures on a tip, comprising:
forming nanostructures on a tip, wherein the forming of the nanostructures on the tip comprises:
forming catalyst particles on the tip; and
providing a reaction gas to the catalyst particles on the tip to form the nanostructures; and
aligning the nanostructures on the tip using a fluid flowing on the tip,
wherein said forming of the catalyst particles on the tip comprises:
disposing the tip to be spaced apart from an electrolyte solution including metal catalyst ions;
applying an electric field to the electrolyte solution to emit the metal catalyst ions from the electrolyte solution, wherein the electric field is applied while the tip is spaced apart from the electrolyte solution; and
attaching the emitted metal catalyst ions to the tip to form the catalyst particles.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanostructures include carbon nanotubes or nanowires.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and iron.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the aligning of the nanostructures on the tip comprises:
introducing the fluid on the tip; and
contacting the fluid with the nanostructures by flowing the fluid toward the nano structures.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluid has wettability with respect to the tip.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluid has wettability with respect to the nano structures.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluid comprises water or an organic solvent.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the introducing of the fluid on the tip comprises spraying the fluid in the form of droplets to a region other than a region where the nanostructures are formed.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the introducing of the fluid on the tip comprises dipping a region of the tip where the nanostructures are not formed into a solution including the fluid.
10. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluid flows toward the nanostructures by gravitational force.
11. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluid flows toward the nanostructures by an inert gas flow provided into the tip.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the inert gas comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, helium and hydrogen.
13. The method of claim 4, wherein the contacting of the fluid with the nanostructures comprises allowing the fluid to apply a physical force to the nanostructures to align the nanostructures in a flow direction of the fluid.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the physical force is generated by capillary force between the fluid and the tip.
15. A tip comprising aligned nanostructures, wherein the tip is formed by the method of claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
We claim:
1. A method of treating patients in need of treatment for a cardiac disorder, comprising administering to said patient a seven carbon fatty acid compound or derivative thereof, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is able to readily enter the mitochondrion without special transport enzymes.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said seven carbon fatty acid compound comprises n-heptanoic acid.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said seven carbon fatty acid compound comprises a triglyceride comprising n-heptanoic acid.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said triglyceride comprises triheptanoin.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said derivative is a five carbon fatty acid chain.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said derivative is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylhexanoate, 4-methylhexenoate, 3-hydroxy-4-methylhexanoate, 5-methylhexanoate, 5-methylhexenoate and 3-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to methylbutyric acid.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to isovaleric acid.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to n-valeryl-CoA.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to propionyl-CoA in one or more oxidative procedures.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is provided to said patient in an amount comprising at least about 25% of the dietary caloric requirement for said patient.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative is provided orally.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative is provided parenterally.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound or derivative is provided intraperitoneally.
15. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein said cardiac disorder is cardiac myopathy.
16. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein said cardiac disorder is the aftermath of heart surgery and said compound or derivative is utilized for direct fueling of heart muscle.
17. A dietary formulation suitable for treatment of heart tissue in cardiac or surgical patients comprising a seven-carbon fatty acid chain, wherein said seven-carbon fatty acid chain is characterized by the ability to transverse the inner mitochondrial membrane by a transport mechanism which does not require carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, or camitineacylcarnitine translocase and the ability to undergo mitochondrial -oxidation, and wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of n-heptanoic acid or a derivative thereof, a triglyceride comprising n-heptanoic acid or a derivative thereof, and triheptanoin or a derivative thereof.
18. A dietary formulation suitable for treatment of heart tissue in cardiac or surgical patients comprising a seven carbon fatty acid compound or derivative thereof, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is able to readily enter the mitochondrion without special transport enzymes.
19. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said seven carbon fatty acid compound comprises n-heptanoic acid.
20. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said seven carbon fatty acid compound comprises a triglyceride comprising n-heptanoic acid.
21. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said triglyceride comprises triheptanoin.
22. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said derivative is a five carbon fatty acid chain.
23. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said derivative is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylhexanoate, 4-methylhexenoate, 3-hydroxy-4-methylhexanoate, 5-methylhexanoate, 5-methylhexenoate and 3-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate.
24. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to methylbutyric acid.
25. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said compound or derivative thereof is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to isovaleric acid.
26. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said compound or derivative is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to n-valeryl-CoA.
27. The dietary formulation of claim 18, wherein said compound or derivative is capable of being broken down by normal -oxidation in humans to propionyl-CoA in one or more oxidative procedures.