1. A memory cell, comprising:
a support layer including a substantially smooth and planar upper surface;
a first electrode in contact with the support layer, the support layer configured to influence formation of the first electrode and to determine a substantially smooth first surface of the first electrode;
a two-terminal re-writeable non-volatile memory element in contact with the first surface, the memory element including at least one layer of insulating metal oxide (IMO) that is permeable to mobile ions during write operations to the memory element; and
a second electrode in contact with the memory element, the memory element electrically in series with the first and second electrodes, and
the first surface of the first electrode operatively facilitates uniform current densities through unit cross-sectional areas of the at least one layer of IMO.
2. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the first surface comprises a plurality of surface portions of the first electrode aligned in a common plane.
3. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the support layer is configured to align top surfaces of units of a material constituting the first electrode to establish a surface roughness value for the at least one layer of IMO, the surface roughness value being set below a threshold value of surface roughness.
4. The memory cell of claim 3, wherein the threshold value of surface roughness is less than or equal to about 6 Angstroms.
5. The memory cell of claim 4, wherein the threshold value of surface roughness represents a root-mean-square (RMS) value of the surface roughness value.
6. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the first surface is configured to establish a uniform thickness of the at least one layer of IMO.
7. The memory cell of claim 6, wherein the uniform thickness of the at least one layer of IMO varies by no more than about 0.5 to about 1.5 Angstroms from a plane passing through the at least one layer of IMO, the plane being oriented perpendicular to a current flow in the memory element.
8. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the support layer includes a lattice structure operative to influence alignment of top surfaces of units of a material that form the first electrode and the top surfaces are coplanar with one another.
9. The memory cell of claim 8, wherein the first electrode comprises either platinum and the units of the material comprise grains of platinum or comprises another noble metal and the units of the material comprise grains of the another noble metal.
10. The memory cell of claim 9, wherein the top surfaces of neighboring grains of platinum vary less than about 8 Angstroms.
11. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the support layer comprises an electrically conductive material.
12. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the first electrode, the support layer or both comprise a planarized layer of material.
13. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the memory element further includes at least one layer of conductive metal oxide (CMO) including mobile oxygen ions.
14. The memory cell of claim 13, wherein the least one layer of CMO comprises a planarized layer of material.
15. The memory cell of claim 13, wherein the least one layer of CMO comprises a material that is deposited in whole or in part using atomic layer deposition (ALD).
16. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein a selected one or both of the support layer or the at least one layer of IMO comprises an atomic layer deposition (ALD) deposited material.
17. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the support layer includes a lattice structure operative to influence alignment of top surfaces of units of a layer of material formed on the substantially smooth first surface of the first electrode, and the top surfaces are coplanar with one another.
18. The memory cell of claim 17, wherein the layer of material comprises the at least one layer of IMO.
19. The memory cell of claim 17, wherein the layer of material comprises at least one layer of a conductive metal oxide (CMO) including mobile oxygen ions.
20. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the mobile ions comprise mobile oxygen ions.
21. An integrated circuit, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate;
a logic layer including active circuitry fabricated front-end-of-the-line (FEOL) on the semiconductor substrate;
a two-terminal cross-point memory array vertically fabricated back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) directly above and in direct contact with semiconductor substrate, the two-terminal cross-point memory array including
a plurality of X-line conductive array lines, a plurality of Y-line conductive array lines arranged orthogonally to the plurality of X-line conductive array lines, the plurality of X-line and Y-line conductive array lines electrically coupled with at least a portion of the active circuitry,
a plurality of re-writeable non-volatile two-terminal discrete memory elements, each memory element disposed between and electrically in series with a unique pair of one of the X-line conductive array lines and one of the Y-line conductive array lines, each memory element including a first electrode in contact with a first portion of the memory element and a second electrode in contact with a second portion of the memory element, and
a support layer included in each memory element and having a substantially smooth and planar surface upon which the first electrode or the second electrode is formed, the support layer including a crystalline orientation configured to promote formation of metal grains in a specific orientation for the first electrode or the second electrode, the specific orientation operative to facilitate formation of top surfaces of the metal grains in or parallel to a common plane.
22. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, or both comprises platinum or another noble metal.
23. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, or both include a planarized upper surface.
24. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the support layer comprises a planarized support layer.
25. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the support layer comprises an electrically conductive material and the support layer is electrically in series with the memory element and its respective first and second electrodes
26. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein each memory element includes at least one layer of insulating metal oxide (IMO) that is permeable to mobile ions during write operations to the memory element.
27. The integrated circuit of claim 26, wherein a selected one or both of the support layer or the at least one layer of IMO comprises an atomic layer deposition (ALD) deposited material.
28. The memory cell of claim 22, wherein each memory element includes at least one layer of conductive metal oxide (CMO) including mobile oxygen ions.
29. The integrated circuit of claim 28, wherein the at least one layer of the CMO material comprises a planarized CMO material.
30. The integrated circuit of claim 28, wherein the least one layer of CMO comprises a material that is deposited in whole or in part using atomic layer deposition (ALD).
31. The integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the plurality of memory elements comprises two neighboring memory elements and support layers of the two neighboring memory elements are operative to maintain a difference of about 50% or less between magnitudes of current flowing through the two neighboring memory elements during data operations.
32. A method of forming two-terminal re-writeable non-volatile resistive memory elements in a two-terminal cross-point array, comprising:
forming a support layer having a substantially smooth and planar upper surface and similarly-oriented crystalline structures;
depositing an electrode upon the substantially smooth and planar upper surface of the support layer, the crystalline structures configured to facilitate growth of metal grains in the electrode, the electrode including a substantially smooth and planar first surface; and
fabricating at least one layer of insulating metal oxide (IMO) on the substantially smooth and planar first surface of the electrode to form a substantially smooth interface between the electrode and the at least one layer of IMO.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein fabricating the at least one layer of IMO on the substantially smooth and planar first surface of the electrode to form the substantially smooth interface comprises forming a second surface of the at least one layer of IMO with an RMS surface roughness less than or equal to about 6 Angstroms.
34. The method of claim 32 and further comprising:
planarizing the electrode to form the substantially smooth and planar first surface.
35. The method of claim 32 and further comprising:
planarizing the support layer to form the substantially smooth and planar upper surface.
36. The method of claim 32, wherein the fabricating includes depositing a selected one or both of the support layer or the at least one layer of IMO using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
37. The method of claim 32 and further comprising:
fabricating at least one layer of conductive metal oxide (CMO) on an upper surface of the at least one layer of IMO.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the fabricating the at least one layer of CMO includes depositing in whole or in part the at least one layer of the CMO using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An over fire air port arrangement for a fossil fuel fired furnace or boiler, comprising:
front and rear walls and a pair of sidewalls forming a furnace enclosure;
vertically spaced bottom, second and third level burners through at least one of the front and rear walls generating bottom, second and third flame paths, respectively, in the furnace enclosure when burning fossil fuel; and
an over fire air port arrangement configured to efficiently reduce fuel NOx formation during combustion in the furnace enclosure, the over fire air port arrangement including
at least one bottom over fire air port through at least one sidewall appropriately sized and positioned to transversely and directly inject over fire air into the bottom flame path to provide sufficient residence time and mixing of the over fire air in the bottom flame path without interfering with the other flame paths; and
at least one middle over fire air port through at least one sidewall, spaced vertically above and horizontally offset from the at least one bottom over fire air port and appropriately sized and positioned to transversely inject over fire air into at least one of the second and third level flame paths to provide sufficient residence time and mixing of the over fire air in the at least one of the second and third level flame paths without interfering with the other flame paths.
2. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising at least one upper over fire air port through at least one sidewall, spaced vertically above and horizontally offset from the at least one middle over fire air port for transversely injecting over fire air into the third level flame path.
3. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising at least one over fire air port through at least one of the front and rear walls, for injecting over fire air into the third level flame path.
4. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the furnace enclosure has a cross-sectional width to depth ratio greater than about 1.
5. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the at least one over fire air port through at least one of the front and rear walls is positioned substantially at the center of a width of the furnace enclosure.
6. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one middle over lire air port comprises plural over fire air ports adjacent to one another.
7. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one middle over fire air port comprises plural over lire air ports arranged substantially symmetrically about a vertical centerline between the front and rear walls.
8. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the furnace enclosure has a cross-sectional width to depth ratio greater than about 1.
9. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the over fire air ports are disposed on at least one sidewall in a substantially symmetrical downward arc, each over fire air port being spaced vertically above and horizontally offset with a corresponding burner so as to be in a transverse relationship with the flame path of the burner.
10. An over fire air part arrangement for a fossil fuel fired furnace or boiler, comprising:
front and rear walls and a pair of sidewalls forming a furnace enclosure;
vertically spaced bottom, second and third level burners through at least one of the front and rear walls generating bottom, second and third flame paths, respectively, in the furnace enclosure in an upward direction when burning fossil fuel; and
an over fire air port arrangement efficiently reducing fuel NOx formation during combustion in the furnace enclosure, the over fire air port arrangement including
at least one bottom over fire air port through at least one sidewall centrally positioned and appropriately sized to transversely inject over fire air into the bottom flame path to provide sufficient residence time and mixing of the over fire air in the bottom flame path without interfering with the other flame paths; and
at least one middle over fire air port through at least one sidewall, spaced vertically above and horizontally offset from the at least one bottom over fire air port and appropriately sized and positioned above said burners to transversely inject over fire air into at least one of the second and third level flame paths to provide sufficient residence time and mixing of the over fire air in the at least one of the second and third level flame paths without interfering with the other flame paths.
11. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 10, further comprising at least one upper over fire air port through at least one sidewall, spaced vertically above and horizontally offset from the at least one middle over fire air port for transversely injecting over fire air into the third level flame path.
12. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 10, further comprising at least one over fire air port through at least one of the front and rear walls, for injecting over fire air into the third level flame path.
13. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the furnace enclosure has a cross-sectional width to depth ratio greater than about 1.
14. The over fire air port arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the at least one over fire air port through at least one of the front and rear walls is positioned substantially at the center of a width of the furnace enclosure.