1. An implant system, comprising:
an implant constructed for implanting into a bone;
an abutment constructed to serve as a support for fixing a prosthesis to the bone;
and a pivotal coupling between said implant and said abutment to permit, after the implant has been implanted into the bone, precise angulation in all directions of the abutment with respect to the implant before the abutment is fixed at the desired precise angulation with respect to the implant;
said pivotal coupling including a ball carried by said abutment, and a socket formed in said implant;
said ball being formed with a threaded bore, and said abutment comprising a fixation screw having one end threaded into said bore;
said fixation screw including an enlarged head, and said abutment further including a sleeve formed with an inner annular shoulder engaging said enlarged head of the fixation screw;
said fixation screw being formed with an annular shoulder between its threaded end and enlarged head;
said abutment further including a collar formed with a bore for receiving said threaded end of the fixation screw and engageable at its outer end with said annular shoulder of the fixation screw;
said collar being formed at its inner end with a spherical surface complementary to that of said ball.
2. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said pivotal coupling includes complementary shaped contacting surfaces which are uneven to temporarily hold the ball-and-socket coupling in a desired pivoted position before permanently fixing them in such position.
3. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said pivotal coupling is fixed in a desired pivotal position by an adhesive or by welding.
4. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said abutment further includes a cover closing the outer end of said sleeve.
5. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said abutment further includes an insert between, and complementary to, said spherical surfaces of said collar and said ball; said insert being formed with an annular recess about its outer circumference limiting against an annular shoulder formed on the outer circumference of said implant to limit the angulation of said abutment with respect to said implant.
6. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said implant system further comprises an annular shock absorber enclosing said fixation screw and engageable on its opposite sides by said collar and said annular shoulder of the sleeve.
7. The implant system according to claim 1, wherein said fixation screw includes an enlarged head at said opposite end engaged by an inner annular shoulder formed in said abutment for fixing said fixation screw within said abutment.
8. The implant system according to claim 7, wherein said abutment is formed at its inner end with a spherical surface complementary to that of said ball.
9. The implant system according to claim 8, wherein said abutment further comprises an insert between, and complementary to, said spherical surfaces of said abutment and said ball; said insert being formed with an annular recess about its outer circumference limiting against an annular shoulder formed on the outer circumference of said implant to limit the angulation of said abutment with respect to said implant.
10. An implant system, comprising:
an implant constructed for implanting into a bone;
an abutment constructed to serve as a support for fixing a prosthesis to the bone;
and a shock absorber between said abutment and implant;
said implant being formed with a cylindrical socket and a threaded bore;
said abutment including a fixation screw having one end threaded into said bore and an opposite end enclosed by said shock absorber;
said fixation screw including an enlarged head at said opposite end fixed within said abutment by a sleeve formed with an inner annular shoulder engaging said enlarged head;
said fixation screw being formed with an annular shoulder between its threaded end and enlarged head;
said abutment further including a collar formed with a bore for receiving said threaded end of the fixation screw;
said collar being engageable at its outer end with said annular shoulder of the fixation screw for fixing it within said abutment and including an extension at its opposite end receivable within said socket of said implant and.
11. The implant system according to claim 10, wherein said abutment further includes a cover closing the outer end of said sleeve.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Process for the hydroconversion of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock with an atomic HC ratio of at least 0.25, in the presence of hydrogen and at least one catalyst in at least one reactor, said process comprising a reaction step performed in a reaction section comprising at least one reactor and a separation step performed in a separation section, comprising:
a step of preparation of at least one catalyst from at least one catalyst precursor in one or more preparation reactors upstream from the reaction section, wherein at least one catalyst precursor is bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum dichloride ((C5H5)2MoCl2) and where more than one catalyst precursor is present that may be the same or different;
(i) at least one preparation reactor feeds one or more reactors of the reaction section, or
(ii) each preparation reactor is dedicated for catalysts fed to at least a hydroconversion reactor or at least a hydrotreatment reactor of the reaction section;
a step of separation of the solids contained in the liquid effluents issued from the reaction section, said step being performed in a liquid-solid separation apparatus of the separation section;
a step of treatment of the residues issued from the separation section, comprising a partial oxidation step performed in a partial oxidation section wherein said residues are partially oxidized to produce carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a metal containing residue; and
wherein the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock comprises at least one feedstock chosen from atmospheric and vacuum residues, pitch from deasphalting, deasphalted oil, visbroken effluents, shale oils, biomass from ex-situ pyrolysis and ex-situ hydrothermal treatment, coal and petcoke from delayed coker.
2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock is mixed with the catalyst precursor in the preparation reactors.
3. Process according to claim 1, wherein each catalyst is prepared in at least two preparation reactors.
4. Process according to claim 1, wherein each catalyst precursor contained in a preparation reactor is dedicated to hydroconversion or hydrotreatment of said hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, and the bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum dichloride is dedicated to the hydroconversion.
5. Process according to claim 4, wherein catalyst(s) other than the catalyst formed from bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum dichloride and dedicated to hydroconversion contain one transition metal selected from group VB, VIB, VIII, in an active state, and catalyst(s) dedicated to the hydrotreatment contain two transition metals in an active state, one transition metal being selected from group VB, VIB, VIII and another transition metal being selected from group VIII.
6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst precursor in addition to bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum dichloride is selected among naphtenates, octoates, and oxides containing at least one metal selected from Group IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB and IIB.
7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst precursor in addition to bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum dichloride is an organometallic coordination compound of formula C1C2MLn (I), where
M is a transition metal selected from group IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB or IIB of the periodic table of elements,
\u2014C1 and \u2014C2 are monocyclic or polycyclic aryl hydrocarbon ligands that are pi-bonded to M, \u2014C1 and \u2014C2 being the same or different, each of \u2014C1 or \u2014C2 comprising from 0 to 5 substituents R, each substituent R being the same or different, R being selected from:
a C3-C8 substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic or polycyclic ring structure that is partially unsaturated, unsaturated or aromatic, fused or not fused to the ligand \u2014C1 or \u2014C2,
a C3-C8 substituted or unsubstituted, partially unsaturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, alicyclic hydrocarbyl radical, and
a C1-C8, substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated hydrocarbyl radical,
\u2014C1 and \u2014C2 being independent or connected via at least one substituent R, and
-L is a ligand that is sigma-bonded to M, n is an integer equal to 0 to 3, each -L is, independently, a univalent ligand.
8. Process according to claim 7, wherein the organometallic coordination compound is a metallocene compound presenting the general formula (II) below,
where the R substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ligands are pi-bonded to M, and L ligands are sigma-bonded to M, and where M, L, R and n are defined as in formula (I).
9. Process according to claim 7, wherein -L is selected from Hydride (-L=\u2014H), Halide (-L=\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I), cyanide (-L=\u2014CN), Alkoxide (-L=\u2014OR), Thiolate (-L=\u2014SR), Amide (-L=\u2014NR2), Phosphide (-L=\u2014PR2), Alkyl (-L=\u2014CH2R or other), Alkenyl (-L=\u2014CHCHR), Alkynyl (-L=\u2014CCR), Acyl (-L=\u2014COR), Isocyanide (-L=\u2014CNR), Nitrosyl (-L=\u2014NO), Diazenide (-L=\u2014NNR), Imide (-L=\u2550NR), L=-ER3 or -EX3 (with E=Si, Ge, Sn), -L=\u2014PR3, \u2014PX3, \u2014AsR3, \u2014SbR3, amines, L=ER2 (with E=O, S, Se, Te), where X is an halogen atom and R is a C1-C8 linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl group or a C3-C8 alicyclic or aromatic group.
10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the separation section comprises an atmospheric fractionation followed by a vacuum fractionation, and wherein the separation of the solids is performed upstream from the atmospheric fractionation.
11. Process according to claim 1, wherein the separation section comprises an atmospheric fractionation followed by a vacuum fractionation, and wherein the separation of the solids is performed upstream from the vacuum fractionation.
12. Process according to claim 1, wherein the separation section comprises an atmospheric fractionation followed by a vacuum fractionation, and wherein the separation of the solids is performed downstream from the vacuum fractionation.
13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid-solid separation apparatus is a selected from the group consisting of filters, membranes or centrifuges.
14. Process according to claim 13, wherein the liquid-solid separation apparatus is a multi-stage filter.
15. Process according to claim 1, wherein the step of treatment of residues comprises, after partial oxidation, a step for recovering the metals originally contained in the catalyst andor the feedstock.
16. Process according to claim 15, wherein the step for recovering the metals successively undergoes (i) calcination to remove carbon containing material, (ii) washing with water, (iii) acidification with sulfuric acid to obtain an acidic water and a first precipitate which is separated, (iv) alkalinization of said acidic water with sodium hydroxide to obtain an alkaline water and a second precipitate which is separated.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein iron chlorosulfate (FeCl(SO4)) is added at steps (iii) and (iv).
18. A method according to claim 16, wherein (v) said alkaline water is further neutralized with an acid.
19. A method according to claim 16, wherein first andor second precipitate is introduced into melted iron to obtain vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and iron-molybdenum-nickel alloy.
20. A method according to claim 1, wherein hydrogen produced during partial oxidation step is recycled to the reaction step.