1. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein the rise-delay time (t) of the main current depends on the number of revolutions and arises from the superposition of the complementary phase commutation signals with form similar signals which are phase-shifted with respect to the first ones by an angle (v) which is independent of the number of revolutions.
2. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the speed control and limitation takes place in that the delay (t) is independent from the number of revolutions.
3. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the phase-shifted signals of two digital Hall sensors 31, 31a arise because the sensors are mechanically displaceable.
4. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical displacement of a Hall sensor (31) or the electrical phase shifting of its output signal takes place depending on an output value including pressure, flow, temperature, current, or oscillation amplitude which comes from a coupled working device.
5. Method for power control according to claim 4, wherein the displacement of the Hall sensor (31) or the electrical phase shifting of its output signal changes the operating mode of the machine from a motor to a generator function.
6. Method for power control according to claim 4, wherein the phase commutation is adjusted depending on a current which traverses the windings (112, 113) by a current path which traverses the magnetic control circuit of the Hall sensor (31).
7. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the rise-delay time (t) of the main current (lp) takes place over an electronic time function element which is set into operation by the highlow transition of the phase control.
8. Method for power control according to claim 7, wherein the interruption of the main current within a phase is purposefully used to influence the current flow in this phase and in the following phase.
9. Method for power control according to claim 8, wherein a saw-tooth rotor position signal, used for the motor control, is gained by means of a profiled disk (32) which rotates in front of an analog Hall sensor (31c) polarized by the permanent magnet (33) which forms together with the latter a system of variable reluctance so that the output signal of the Hall sensor (31c) is a saw-tooth signal.
10. Method for power control according to claim 9, wherein the saw-tooth signal of the Hall sensor (31c) variable rectangular control signals are gained in that the level of the saw-tooth signals is compared with the adjustable trigger level (Uk) of a trigger (34).
11. Method for power control according to claim 10, wherein it uses an automatic phase symmetry method, for which a signal (Ud), which is proportional to the difference of the phase duration of both phases, serves for the variation of the trigger level (Uk) of a trigger (34) which corrects the phase width.
12. Method for power control according to claim 7, wherein the flip-flop signals of the phase control which have been obtained on outputs (Hx, Hy) of the phase control (31) charge alternately capacitors (Cl) corresponding to each phase during the high phase, whereby phase synchronized time decreasing voltage levels (Ur) arise due to their discharging during the following low phase in series with resistors (Rt), these voltage levels being referred to the phase beginning and being conducted to the input of a level detector (ST, Dr).
13. Method for power control according to claim 12, wherein respectively one driver component (Dr) is used per phase, outputs (l) of which show respectively one level detector each and outputs (O) of which switch gate electrodes (Gx, Gy) of the power switches (21) alternately from low to high potential.
14. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the control of the digital phase commutation is derived from the recognition of the phase position of an analog signal which can be phase-shifted if need be.
15. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the control functions of the machine are carried out by means of a differential Hall sensor, this Hall sensor being directly triggered by teeth (121) of a rotor (2) of the machine.
16. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein two-phase reluctance machines which consist of two angle-offset, independently operative machine halves, characterized in that the bypass current (lb) from the phases of a machine half is transmitted to the phases of the other machine half.
17. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the main current (lp) is interrupted in any position (t2) within the phase duration for a short time (t3).
18. Method for power control according to claim 1, wherein the starting current limitation takes place by the interruption of the main current (lp) when reaching an upper limit, whereby its switching-on again takes place after a short predetermined time or when a lower limit is reached.
19. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein the phase commutation signals positive or negative fractions are separated from which, by integration by means of capacitors (Cv) or resistors (Pv) slowly variable analog voltage signals are obtained which can be adjusted as nominal value and which are proportional to the number of revolutions of the motor.
20. Method for power control according to claim 12 or 19, wherein phase synchronized voltage levels (Ul) are superposed with analog voltage (Uv) over a resistor (Rv) which causes a ripple for adjusting the number of revolutions and are supplied to level switch (es) (ST, Dr) in such a way that it thus controls the number of revolutions of the motor from the time of the phase commutation to the reaching of a sawtooth voltage (Uv) which determines the rise-delay (t) of the power switches (21).
21. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein the duty cycle of the power switches (21) of the phases (X, Y) is controlled over the phase difference of the output signals of two Hall sensors (31, 31a).
22. Method for power control according-to claim 21, wherein the desired direction of rotation ensues over the presetting of a starting sensor (31) and the speed control takes place over the phase difference between the starting sensor (31) and a second sensor (31a), whereby the phase difference is changed by the manual displacement of these sensors (31, 31a) or by the electrical phase shifting of the output signals.
23. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein the optimization of the phase commutation (efficiency) takes place by the automatic correction of the main current (lp) andor of the bypass current (lb) as well as of the path of the self-induction voltage (Ua) in direction of the minimal values or of the power draw of the motor.
24. Method for power control according to claim 23, wherein unavoidable peaks of the self-induction voltage (Ua) are absorbed by Ua depending voltage controlled conducting phases of the power switches (21).
25. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein the control functions of the machine are carried out by means of a programmable Hall sensor (38d).
26. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein important control and protective functions of the machine are carried out by the control of the power switches (21) for which their gate electrodes (Gx, Gy) are triggered as required over phase commutation, power control onoff, overvoltage and undervoltage protection, thermal switching-off, overcurrent and short-circuit as well as protection against inductive voltage peaks (Ua).
27. Method for power control according to claim 26, wherein the synchronization of the signals of the winding (49) takes place by the recognition of the form of the current and voltage paths in the connecting lines.
28. Method for power control according to claim 26, wherein the electric potentials of the gate electrodes (Gx, Gy) of the power switches (21X, 21Y) can be switched low independently from each other by the phase control (31) andor by a level discriminator (ST).
29. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein between the locking of the power switch (21X) of a phase (X) and the current conducting phase of the switch (21Y) of the following phase (Y), the self-induction voltage Ua, which arises by the switching-off of the phase (X) at the connection between the main winding (112X) and the power switch (21X), is supplied over a bypass diode (22) to a phase (Y, X, Y) which is not separated from the source of current, wherein for reluctance machines without stator with two independent rotors (1, 2), their field rotor (1) carries the power electronics (21, 22) and a part of the power control which receives the control signals from outside contactless by means of an axially mounted Hall sensor (39) which is triggered by a stationary winding (49).
30. Method for controlling the power of electronically switched two-phase reluctance machines with direct transmission of the demagnetization energy of a switched-off phase to the following phase, characterized in that the switching-on of the main current (lp) takes place delayed by a duration (t) after the phase commutation, wherein analog signals depending on the number of revolutions are used as negative feedback for influencing the starting behavior and the speed control of the motor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Surface coating method for deposition of a chemically bonded ceramic coating on a substrate, comprising the steps of:
preparing a curable coating slurry, comprising mixing calcium aluminate powder with water and at least one water-reducing-agent, such that a water-to-cement ratio in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 is achieved;
depositing a coating of the slurry on at least a section of the substrate surface, and
hardening the slurry.
2. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of preparing a curable coating slurry comprises adding a ternary oxide of perovskite structure according to the formula ABO3, where O is oxygen and A and B are metals, or any mixture of such ternary oxides.
3. Surface coating method according to claim 2, wherein the ternary oxide is calcium titanate.
4. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of preparing a curable coating slurry comprises adding particles or powder of one or more biocompatible materials.
5. Surface coating method according to claim 4, wherein the biocompatible material is a calcium carbonate.
6. Surface coating method according to claim 4, wherein the biocompatible material is a calcium phosphate.
7. Surface coating method according to claim 4, wherein the biocompatible material is an apatite.
8. Surface coating method according to claim 7, wherein the apatite is selected from the group comprised of fluorapatite or carbonates-apatites.
9. Surface coating method according to claim 7, wherein the apatite is hydroxyapatite.
10. Surface coating method according to claim 4, wherein the biocompatible material is a calcium salt with orthophosphoric acid.
11. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of preparing a curable coating slurry comprises addition of a component which accelerates or retards the hardening process.
12. Surface coating method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: pre-treating the substrate surface to a surface roughness in the range of Ra 0.1 to 10.0 \u03bcm before deposition of the slurry.
13. Surface coating method according to claim 12, wherein the pretreatment is performed by dry blasting with hard particles.
14. Surface coating method according to claim 12, wherein the pretreatment is performed by wet-blasting with hard particles.
15. Surface coating method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: embedding calcium aluminate fragments in the substrate surface.
16. Surface coating method according to claim 15, wherein the embedding is performed by blasting the surface with calcium aluminate fragments or powder.
17. Surface coating method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: pre-treating the substrate surface with an accelerator-agent for accelerating the hardening process.
18. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of applying the slurry is performed by spraying, spin coating or dipping.
19. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of hardening is performed in water or in a environment with at least 90% relative humidity.
20. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the step of hardening comprises controlling the temperature to be in the range of 10\xb0 C. to 200\xb0 C., preferably in the range 20\xb0 C. to 70\xb0 C.
21. Surface coating method according to claim 1, wherein the deposited coating has a thickness in the order of 0.1\u2013200 \u03bcm.
22. Method of producing a surface coated biocompatible device, comprising the steps of:
forming a substrate
depositing a biocompatible surface coating covering at least a section of the substrate surface using the surface coating method according to claim 1.