1. A method of removing hydrogen in situ from a reactor or catalyst system producing hydrogen, the method comprising the steps of:
contacting a hollow fiber membrane with a reaction gas mixture, the membrane comprising a porous stainless steel support having an inner diameter of approximately 30 microns to approximately 1500 microns, an outer diameter of approximately 100 microns to approximately 2000 microns, an intermediate layer of ceramic coated on the stainless steel support, and a hydrogen selective dense layer coated on the outer diameter, the reaction gas mixture comprising either methane and steam or carbon monoxide and steam;
recovering a high purity hydrogen stream from a permeate side of the membrane; and
recovering a hydrogen-lean stream from a non-permeate side of the membrane.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen-selective dense layer is selected from the group consisting of palladium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, and cermet, mixtures of two or more of palladium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, and cermet, as well as compounds, alloys, and composites that include one or more of palladium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, and cermet.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the palladium hydrogen-selective dense layer comprises either palladium or a palladium alloy.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A heavy oil ash asphalt composition comprising:
a base asphalt having a stiffness;
a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer in a concentration range of 5%-10% by weight;
sulfur in a concentration range of 10%-30% by weight; and
heavy oil ash in a concentration range of 15%-25% by weight;
such that the heavy oil ash combines with the base asphalt and sulfur to create the heavy oil ash asphalt composition, where the heavy oil ash is present in the heavy oil ash asphalt composition in an amount effective to improve stiffness of the heavy oil ash asphalt composition as compared to the stiffness of the base asphalt.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the heavy oil ash has a carbon content of more than 90% by weight (wt. %).
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the heavy oil ash is present in an amount effective to increase bonding strength over the base asphalt by at least 100%.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the heavy oil ash is present in an amount effective to increase bonding strength over the base asphalt by at least 500%.
5. A method of making the asphalt heavy oil ash composition of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
heating the base asphalt to its melting point,
adding a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer to the base asphalt
adding the sulfur to the base asphalt,
adding the heavy oil ash to the base asphalt, and
mixing the asphalt heated to its melting point, the sulfur, and the heavy oil ash in a blender with a high shear blade such that intimate mixing of the asphalt, sulfur, and heavy oil ash is achieved.
6. A heavy oil ash asphalt composition comprising:
a base asphalt having a stiffness;
an ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer in a concentration range of 5%-10% by weight;
sulfur in a concentration range of 10%-30% by weight; and
heavy oil ash in a concentration range of 15%-25% by weight;
such that the heavy oil ash combines with the base asphalt and sulfur to create the heavy oil ash asphalt composition, where the heavy oil ash is present in the heavy oil ash asphalt composition in an amount effective to improve stiffness of the heavy oil ash asphalt composition as compared to the stiffness of the base asphalt.
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the heavy oil ash has a carbon content of more than 90% by weight (wt. %).
8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the heavy oil ash is present in an amount effective to increase bonding strength over the base asphalt by at least 100%.