1. A method of treating ballast water, comprising:
a) mixing an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber to provide a mixture;
b) delivering at least a portion of the mixture to a reaction chamber;
c) continuously generating ferrate in the reaction chamber;
d) delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber, wherein said site of use is a site where said ballast water is held;
e) contacting said ferrate with said ballast water, whereby organic matter in said ballast water is oxidized; and
f) adding additional iron salt and oxidizing agent to the mixing chamber.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding a base to the mixture.
3. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising repeating steps (b) through (e).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said additional iron salt and oxidizing agent in step (f) is added in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the mixture delivered to the reaction chamber.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein said base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen base, a hydroxide ion, an oxide ion, a carbonate ion, and a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein said base is sodium hydroxide.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, ferrous carbonate, and a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said iron salt is ferric chloride.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said oxidizing agent comprises at least one of the following: a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, potassium peroxymonopersulfate, potassium monopersulfate, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, Caro’s acid, and a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said oxidizing agent comprises sodium hypochlorite.
11. A method of synthesizing ferrate, comprising:
a) mixing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber to form a solution of ferrate;
b) delivering at least a portion of the solution of ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the mixing chamber, wherein said site of use is a site where ballast water is held; and
c) contacting said ferrate with said ballast water, whereby organic matter in said ballast water is oxidized.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising adding a base to the aqueous solution.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen base, a hydroxide ion, an oxide ion, a carbonate ion, and a combination thereof.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein said iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, ferrous carbonate, and a combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein said oxidizing agent comprises at least one of the following: a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, potassium peroxymonopersulfate, potassium monopersulfate, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, Caro’s acid, and a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 11, further comprising adding additional iron salt and oxidizing agent to the mixing chamber in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the site of use.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A wavelength conversion laser device comprising:
a laser light source for emitting first wavelength light;
a non-linear optical crystal for converting the first wavelength light into second wavelength light;
a rotational driver for rotating the non-linear optical crystal so as to alter an incidence angle of the first wavelength light with respect to the non-linear optical crystal;
a rotational driving controller for detecting a portion of an output of the second wavelength light, generating a rotational control signal of the non-linear optical crystal in accordance with a change in the output, and transmitting the rotational control signal to the rotational driver;
a beam location maintaining mirror for retroreflecting the second wavelength light, outputted from the non-linear optical crystal, along a substantially same path as that of the first wavelength light which travels from the laser light source to the non-linear optical crystal; and
an output beam distributor disposed between the laser light source and the non-linear optical crystal to guide the retroreflected second wavelength light in a desired output direction.
2. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 1, wherein the non-linear optical crystal rotational driver comprises:
an electronic controller for driving the rotational driver in accordance with the change in the output of the second wavelength light from the non-linear optical crystal so that the second wavelength light of the non-linear optical crystal is phase-matched with the first wavelength light; and
a monitor beam distributor for sampling a portion of the light outputted from the non-linear optical crystal to provide to the electronic controller.
3. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 2, wherein the electronic controller comprises:
an output monitor for detecting the change in the output of the second wavelength light;
a driving controller for generating a rotational control signal corresponding to a change in the incidence angle of the first wavelength light on the non-linear optical crystal in accordance with the change in the output of the second wavelength light so that the second wavelength light is phase-matched with the first wavelength light, and transmitting the rotational control signal to the rotational driver.
4. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 2, wherein the monitor beam distributor is disposed on an output path provided by the output beam distributor.
5. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 2, wherein the rotational driving controller comprises a spectral filter disposed between the electronic controller and the monitor beam distributor, the spectral filter selectively splitting the second wavelength light and providing the split second wavelength to the electronic controller.
6. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 1, wherein the output beam distributor selectively splits only the second wavelength light to propagate in the desired output path.
7. The wavelength conversion laser device according to claim 1, wherein the beam location maintaining mirror has a high reflectivity for the first wavelength light, and the output beam distributor has no reflectivity for the first wavelength light,
whereby the beam location maintaining mirror and the output beam distributor cooperate with a mirror disposed at an edge of the laser light source to provide an external resonator for the first wavelength light.