1. An apparatus for storing hydrogen comprising
a. molecular hydrogen,
b. halloysite, wherein
i. said halloysite is comprised of at least about 30 weight percent halloysite rods,
ii. said halloysite rods are comprised of a lumen, wherein said molecular hydrogen is disposed within said lumen, and
c. a substrate, wherein
i. said halloysite is disposed on said substrate.
2. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 1, wherein at least about 80 weight percent of said halloysite rods have an aspect ratio of from about 1 to about 10.
3. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 2, wherein at least about 80 weight percent of said halloysite rods have an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 8.
4. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 3, wherein at least about 80 weight percent of said halloysite rods have a surface to volume ratio of about 1 to about 10,000.
5. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 4, wherein at least about 80 weight percent of said halloysite rods have a surface to volume ratio of about 10 to about 1,000.
6. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 4, wherein said substrate is a flexible substrate.
7. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 6, wherein said substrate is flexible stainless steel.
8. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 6, wherein said substrate is a flexible polymeric substrate.
9. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 8, wherein said polymeric substrate is a polyanionic polymer.
10. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 9, wherein said polyanionic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethyleneimine), poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, chitosan, and combinations thereof.
11. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 10, wherein said halloysite is disposed on said substrate that said halloysite is present in a monolayer.
12. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 4, wherein said substrate is disposed within a sealed storage container.
13. An apparatus for storing hydrogen comprising
a. molecular hydrogen,
b. halloysite, wherein
i. said halloysite is comprised of at least about 50 weight percent halloysite rods,
ii. said halloysite rods are comprised of a lumen, wherein said molecular hydrogen is disposed within said lumen,
c. a plurality of flexible substrates, wherein said halloysite is disposed on said flexible substrates, and
d. a sealed storage container wherein said plurality of substrates is disposed within said sealed storage container.
14. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 13, wherein said halloysite rods have an aspect ratio of from about 1 to about 10.
15. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 14, wherein said halloysite rods have an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 8.
16. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 13, wherein said halloysite rods have a surface to volume ratio of about 1 to about 10,000.
17. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 13, wherein said halloysite rods have a surface to volume ratio of about 10 to about 1,000.
18. An apparatus for storing hydrogen comprising
a. molecular hydrogen,
b. hydrated halloysite, wherein said halloysite consists essentially of halloysite agglomerates and halloysite rods, wherein at least about 60 weight of said halloysite is halloysite rods,
c. said halloysite rods are comprised of a lumen, wherein said molecular hydrogen is disposed within said lumen.
19. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 18, wherein at least about 1 weight percent of said molecular hydrogen is present in said apparatus.
20. The apparatus for storing hydrogen as recited in claim 19, wherein at least about 5 weight percent of said molecular hydrogen is present in said apparatus.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A tamper evident closure, comprising:
a body portion comprising a base and an internally threaded downwardly depending sidewall portion; and
a tamper evident band frangibly connected to said sidewall portion, said tamper evident band comprising:
a main band portion, and
a J-hook retention member that includes a plurality of separate pleated retaining elements with a pleated shape on their inside and their outside, wherein at least one pleat is folded perpendicular to the lower rim of said sidewall portion, and wherein at least one of the pleated retaining elements has on its inside and on its outside at least one inwardly directed fold and at least one outwardly directed fold, and
wherein each of said retaining elements has an upper portion that is constructed and arranged to engage retention structure of a container in order to prevent upward movement of said tamper evident band with respect to the container, and wherein at least one of the pleated retaining elements is further constructed and arranged to engage the container so as to resist rotation with respect to the container, whereby separation of said tamper evident band from said body portion is better assured when the closure is unscrewed from the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element comprises a leading edge that is shaped so as to permit said retaining element to pass over said rotational locking structure when said closure is first screwed onto the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element further comprises a trailing edge that is shaped so as to firmly engage said rotational locking structure when said closure is being unscrewed from the container.
2. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said at least one pleated retaining element is constructed and arranged to engage rotational locking structure that is defined on the container.
3. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said trailing edge is positioned radially inwardly with respect to said leading edge.
4. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said trailing edge has an abutment surface defined thereon, said abutment surface being substantially parallel to a radius of said closure.
5. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said leading edge is shaped so as to define a ramp that is constructed and arranged to guide over the rotational locking structure of the container.
6. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said J-hook retention member comprises at least four of said pleated retaining elements.
7. A tamper evident closure according to claim 1, wherein said entire closure is unitarily molded from a plastic material.
8. A tamper evident closure according to claim 7, wherein said plastic material comprises high-density polyethylene.
9. A container assembly, comprising:
a container having an externally threaded finish portion, said finish portion including retention structure for retaining a tamper evident band;
a closure comprising a body portion having a base and an internally threaded downwardly depending sidewall portion, said closure further comprising a tamper evident band that is frangibly connected to said sidewall portion, and wherein said tamper evident band includes:
a main band portion, and
a J-hook retention member that includes a plurality of separate pleated retaining elements with a pleated shape on their inside and their outside, wherein at least one pleat is folded perpendicular to the lower rim of said sidewall portion, and wherein at least one of the pleated retaining elements has on its inside and on its outside at least one inwardly directed fold and at least one outwardly directed fold, and wherein
each of said retaining elements has an upper portion that is constructed and arranged to engage said retention structure in order to prevent upward movement of said tamper evident band with respect to said container, and wherein at least one of the pleated retaining elements is further constructed and arranged to engage said container so as to resist rotation with respect to the container, whereby separation of said tamper evident band from said body portion is better assured when the closure is unscrewed from the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element comprises a leading edge that is shaped so as to permit said retaining element to pass over said rotational locking structure when said closure is first screwed onto the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element further comprises a trailing edge that is shaped so as to firmly engage said rotational locking structure when said closure is being unscrewed from the container.
10. A container assembly according to claim 9, further comprising rotational locking structure on said container, and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element is constructed and arranged to engage said rotational locking structure so as to preclude rotation of said closure with respect to said container in at least one direction.
11. A container assembly according to claim 9, wherein said trailing edge is positioned radially inwardly with respect to said leading edge.
12. A container assembly according to claim 9, wherein said trailing edge has an abutment surface defined thereon, said abutment surface being substantially parallel to a radius of said closure.
13. A container assembly according to claim 9, wherein said leading edge is shaped so as to define a ramp that is constructed and arranged to guide over the rotational locking structure of the container.
14. A container assembly according to claim 9, wherein said J-hook retention member comprises at least four of said pleated retaining elements.
15. A container assembly according to claim 9, wherein said entire closure is unitarily molded from a plastic material.
16. A tamper evident closure according to claim 7, wherein said plastic material comprises high-density polyethylene.
17. A tamper evident closure, comprising:
a body portion comprising a base and an internally threaded downwardly depending sidewall portion; and
a tamper evident band frangibly connected to said sidewall portion, said tamper evident band comprising:
a main band portion, and
a J-hook retention member that includes a plurality of separate pleated retaining elements with a pleated shape on their inside and their outside, wherein at least one pleat is folded perpendicular to the lower rim of said sidewall portion, and wherein at least one of the pleated retaining elements has on its inside and on its outside at least one inwardly directed fold and at least one outwardly directed fold and
wherein each of said retaining elements has an upper portion that is constructed and arranged to engage retention structure of a container in order to prevent upward movement of said tamper evident band with respect to the container, and wherein a part of the pleated retaining elements is further constructed and arranged to engage the container so as to resist rotation with respect to the container, whereby separation of said tamper evident band from said body portion is better assured when the closure is unscrewed from the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element comprises a leading edge that is shaped so as to permit said retaining element to pass over said rotational locking structure when said closure is first screwed onto the container and wherein said at least one pleated retaining element further rises a trailing edge that is shaped so as to firmly engage said rotational locking structure when said closure is being unscrewed from the container.