1. A communication system comprising:
a first communication terminal and a second communication terminal; and
a server apparatus,
wherein the server apparatus includes circuitry configured to
receive position data of the first communication terminal and position data of the second communication terminal,
determine at least one of a speed of movement and a direction of movement of at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal,
determine whether the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are within a predetermined distance of each other and pass each other based on the position data of the first communication terminal, the position data of the second communication terminal, and said at least one of the speed of the movement and the direction of the movement, and
transmit, if it is determined that the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are within the predetermined distance of each other and pass each other, preinstalled content data to at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal.
2. The communication system according to claim 1,
wherein the circuitry of the server apparatus is configured to receive the position data transmitted from the first communication terminal as well as the position data transmitted from the second communication terminal.
3. The communication system according to claim 1, further comprising
a content providing apparatus including circuitry configured to provide the content data to the server apparatus.
4. The communication system according to claim 1,
wherein the content data is provided by at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal.
5. The communication system according to claim 1,
wherein the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are mobile objects.
6. The communication system according to claim 5,
wherein, if it is determined that the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal pass each other at a predetermined timing, the circuitry of the server apparatus is configured to transmit the content data in a manner asynchronous with the predetermined timing.
7. The communication system according to claim 1,
wherein the content data is associated with data about the timing at which the content data is transmitted.
8. A server apparatus comprising:
circuitry configured to
receive position data of a first communication terminal and position data of a second communication terminal;
determine at least one of a speed of movement and a direction of movement of at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal,
determine whether the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are within a predetermined distance of each other and pass each other based on the position data of the first communication terminal, the position data of the second communication terminal, and said at least one of the speed of the movement and the direction of the movement; and
transmit, if it is determined that the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are within the predetermined distance of each other and pass each other, preinstalled content data to at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal.
9. A communication method, in a communication system, comprising:
receiving position data of a first communication terminal and position data of a second communication terminal;
determining at least one of a speed of movement and a direction of movement of at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal,
determining whether the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal are within a predetermined distance of each other and pass each other based on the position data of the first communication terminal, the position data of the second apparatus, and said at least one of the speed of the movement and the direction of the movement; and
if it is determined that the first and the second apparatuses are within the predetermined distance of each other and pass each other, then transmitting content data preinstalled in a server apparatus to at least one of the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A crosslinked porous membrane comprising a cellulosic material and
(a) a block copolymer of the formula: A-B-A (I) or A-B (II),
wherein block A is (iii) a copolymer of glycidol and allyl glycidyl ether, wherein one or more of the allyl groups of the copolymer have been replaced with a group of the formula: \u2014(CH2)a\u2014S\u2014(CH2)b\u2014X, wherein a is 3 and b is 1 to 3, and X is selected from an acidic group, a basic group, a cation, an anion, a zwitterion, halo, hydroxyl, acyl, acyloxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aldehydo, amido, carbamoyl, ureido, cyano, nitro, epoxy, a group of the formula \u2014C(H)(COOH)(NH2), and a group of the formula \u2014C(H)(COOH)(NHAc), or a salt thereof; and
block B is an aromatic hydrophobic polymeric segment;
wherein the block copolymer is linked to the cellulosic material to form a crosslinked porous membrane.
2. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic material is a cellulosic polymer, cellulosic oligomer, or cellulosic monomer.
3. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic material is a cellulosic polymer selected from cellulose, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, cellulose amides, cellulose amines, and cellulose carbamates.
4. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 3, wherein the cellulosic polymer is selected from cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, and cyanoethyl cellulose.
5. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 1, wherein block A is a hydrophilic polymeric segment comprising polyglycerol.
6. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 5, wherein block A is a hydrophilic polymeric segment comprising polyglycerol having a repeat unit of the formula:
7. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 1, wherein block A is a copolymer of glycidol and allyl glycidyl ether, the copolymer having one or more allyl groups.
8. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 1, wherein the aromatic hydrophobic polymeric segment is selected from polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone), polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, polyimide, polyetherimide, and polyamide-imide.
9. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 8, wherein the aromatic hydrophobic polymeric segment is polyethersulfone.
10. The crosslinked porous membrane of claim 5, wherein block A is present in an amount of about 20% to about 50 mol % and block B is present in an amount of about 50% to about 80 mol %.
11. A method of preparing a crosslinked porous membrane according to claim 1, comprising:
(i) providing a casting solution comprising a solvent, a cellulosic material, and (a) a block copolymer of formula (I) or (II);
(ii) casting the casting solution as a thin film;
(iii) subjecting the thin film to phase inversion to obtain an uncrosslinked porous membrane;
(iv) increasing the number of hydroxyl groups on the cellulosic material present in the uncrosslinked porous membrane if the cellulosic material is a cellulose derivative; and
(iv) crosslinking the uncrosslinked porous membrane.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer solution comprises a solvent, said cellulosic material, and (a) a block copolymer of formula (I) or (II), wherein the cellulosic material is cellulose acetate.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the number of hydroxyl groups on the cellulose acetate is increased by reaction with an alkali.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the crosslinking is effected by reaction with a crosslinking agent selected from epichlorohydrin, a polycarboxylic acid, and a cyclic brominium intermediate or by exposure to a radiation, e-beam, or a polyfunctional vinyl or acrylic crosslinking agent.