1. An optical film comprising a thermoplastic resin, which is such that the slow axis direction in the film plane differs from the film tilt direction and the birefringence of a sliced section of the film that contains the tilt direction and the thickness direction in the plane varies in the thickness direction of the film.
2. The optical film according to claim 1, which is such that the angle between the slow axis direction in the film plane and the film tilt direction is within a range of from 89\xb0 to 91\xb0.
3. The optical film according to claim 1, which is such that, when the sliced section of the film is analyzed sequentially from one end to the other end in the thickness direction of the film, then the part having a largest birefringence exists in the region of from 10% to 90% length from one side in the thickness direction of the film.
4. The optical film according to claim 1, which is such that, when the sliced section of the film is placed between two polarizers set in a crossed Nicols configuration, and when the sliced section is rotated within a range of from 0\xb0 to 90\xb0 while irradiated with light in the direction perpendicular to the polarizer plane, then the detected extinction position varies depending on the distance from one end of the sliced section in the thickness direction of the film, and plural extinction positions are detected at different angles within a range of from 1\xb0 to 90\xb0.
5. The optical film according to claim 4, which is such that, when the sliced section of the film is analyzed sequentially from one end to the other end in the thickness direction thereof, then the difference between the maximum extinction position and the minimum extinction position is more than 5\xb0.
6. The optical film according to claim 1, which satisfies the following formulae (I) and (II) wherein Re0\xb0 means the retardation measured in the normal direction of the film at a wavelength of 550 nm, Re+40\xb0 means the retardation measured in the direction tilted by 40\xb0 from the normal line to the tilt direction and Re\u221240\xb0 means the retardation measured in the direction tilted by \u221240\xb0 from the normal line to the tilt direction:
20nm\u2266Re0\xb0\u2266300nm\u2003\u2003(I)
10nm\u2266\u03b3\u2266300nm\u2003\u2003(II)
\u03b3=|Re+40\xb0\u2212Re\u221240\xb0|\u2003\u2003(III)
7. The optical film according to claim 6, which satisfies the following formula (II\u2032) wherein Re+40\xb0 means the retardation measured in the direction tilted by 40\xb0 from the normal line of the film to the tilt direction and Re\u221240\xb0 means the retardation measured in the direction tilted by \u221240\xb0 from the normal line to the tilt direction:
20nm\u2266\u03b3\u2266210nm\u2003\u2003(II\u2032)
\u03b3=|Re+40\xb0\u2212Re\u221240\xb0|\u2003\u2003(III).
8. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin is at least one selected from cyclic olefin resins, cellulose acylate resins, polycarbonate resins, polyolefin resins, acrylic resins and styrenic resins.
9. The optical film according to claim 8, wherein the thermoplastic resin is a cellulose acylate resin.
10. The optical film according to claim 9, wherein the cellulose acylate satisfies the following formulae (S-1) and (S-2):
2.0\u2266X+Y\u22663.0\u2003\u2003(S-1)
0.25\u2266Y\u22663.0\u2003\u2003(S-2)
wherein X means the degree of substitution with acetyl group of the hydroxyl group in the cellulose acylate, and Y means the degree of substitution with acyl group having at least 3 carbon atoms of the hydroxyl group in the cellulose acylate.
11. A method for producing an optical film comprising leading a melt of a composition containing a thermoplastic resin to pass between a first nip-pressing surface and a second nip-pressing surface of a nip-pressing unit, thereby continuously nip-pressing it therebetween to form a nip-pressed film, and stretching the nip-pressed film in the direction differing from the film traveling direction with holding both sides of the film, wherein the moving speed of the first nip-pressing surface is higher than the moving speed of the second nip-pressing surface and the stretching is attained at a temperature falling within a range of from (Tg\u221240)\xb0 C. to (Tg+5)\xb0 C. and wherein Tg means the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin.
12. The method for producing an optical film according to claim 11, wherein the ratio of Re0\xb0 of the side of the nip-pressed film to Re0\xb0 of the center of the film falls within a range of from 0.5 to 0.99.
13. The method for producing an optical film according to claim 11, wherein a pressure of from 20 to 500 MPa is given to the melt by the nip-pressing unit.
14. The method for producing an optical film according to claim 11, wherein the ratio of the moving speed of the second nip-pressing surface to that of the first nip-pressing surface of the nip-pressing unit, as defined according to the following formula (IV), is from 0.60 to 0.99:
Moving speed ratio=(speed of second nip-pressing surface)(speed of first nip-pressing surface)\u2003\u2003(IV).
15. The method for producing an optical film according to claim 11, wherein the nip-pressed film is stretched in the direction of 90\xb0\xb11\xb0 relative to the film traveling direction.
16. The method for producing an optical film according to claim 11, which includes preheating the nip-pressed film at (Tg\u221240)\xb0 C. to (Tg+3)\xb0 C.
17. An optical film produced by leading a melt of a composition containing a thermoplastic resin to pass between a first nip-pressing surface and a second nip-pressing surface of a nip-pressing unit, thereby continuously nip-pressing it therebetween to form a nip-pressed film, and stretching the nip-pressed film in the direction differing from the film traveling direction with holding both sides of the film, wherein the moving speed of the first nip-pressing surface is higher than the moving speed of the second nip-pressing surface and the stretching is attained at a temperature falling within a range of from (Tg\u221240)\xb0 C. to (Tg+5)\xb0 C. and wherein Tg means the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin.
18. A polarizer comprising at least one optical film comprising a thermoplastic resin, wherein the optical film is such that the slow axis direction in the film plane differs from the film tilt direction and the birefringence of a sliced section of the film that contains the tilt direction and the thickness direction in the plane varies in the thickness direction of the film.
19. An optical compensatory film comprising at least one optical film comprising a thermoplastic resin, wherein the optical film is such that the slow axis direction in the film plane differs from the film tilt direction and the birefringence of a sliced section of the film that contains the tilt direction and the thickness direction in the plane varies in the thickness direction of the film.
20. A liquid crystal display device comprising at least one optical film comprising a thermoplastic resin, wherein the optical film is such that the slow axis direction in the film plane differs from the film tilt direction and the birefringence of a sliced section of the film that contains the tilt direction and the thickness direction in the plane varies in the thickness direction of the film.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1.-23. (canceled)
24. An electrical machine for performing a linear movement, comprising:
a primary part having windings for producing a magnetic field; and
a secondary part having a guiding means for guiding a magnetic flux,
wherein an air-gap face is formed between the primary part and the secondary part, and
wherein at least one member selected from the group consisting of the windings and the air-gap faces is arranged in the form of a polygon.
25. The electrical machine of claim 24, constructed as a linear motor.
26. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the primary part has a laminate stack which is laminated transversely in relation to a movement direction of the electrical machine, with a useful magnetic flux being producible transversely to the movement direction of the electrical machine.
27. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the secondary part has a polygonal cross section in correspondence to the polygonal arrangement of the windings of the primary part.
28. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the secondary part is surrounded at least partially by the primary part.
29. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the primary part comprises a plurality of laminate stacks, each of which forming one side of the polygon.
30. The electrical machine of claim 25, wherein the primary part or the secondary part has permanent magnets arranged to form a phase shift for a uniform formation of force by shifting permanent magnets associated with one phase or one phase winding section in relation to permanent magnets of a further phase or a further phase winding section along the movement direction.
31. The electrical machine of claim 30, wherein the shift corresponds to 120 electrical degrees.
32. The electrical machine of claim 30, constructed for operation with a three-phase alternating current.
33. The electrical machine of claim 25, wherein the primary part or the secondary part has teeth arranged to form a phase shift for a uniform formation of force by shifting teeth associated with one phase or one phase winding section in relation to teeth of a further phase or a further phase winding section along the movement direction.
34. The electrical machine of claim 33, wherein the shift corresponds to 120 electrical degrees.
35. The electrical machine of claim 33, constructed for operation with a three-phase alternating current.
36. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the primary part is arranged in an outer region of the electrical machine, and the secondary part is arranged in an inner region of the electrical machine.
37. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the primary part is arranged in an inner region of the electrical machine, and the secondary part is arranged in an outer region of the electrical machine.
38. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the primary part has a slot-like receptacle for accommodating at least part of the secondary part.
39. The electrical machine of claim 24, wherein the secondary part has a slot-like receptacle for accommodating at least part of the primary part.
40. A primary part of an electrical machine, comprising windings for producing a magnetic field, wherein the windings are arranged in the form of a polygon.
41. The primary part of claim 40 having a laminate stack which is laminated transversely in relation to a movement direction of the electrical machine, with a useful magnetic flux being producible transversely to the movement direction of the electrical machine.
42. The primary part of claim 40 including a plurality of laminate stacks, each of which forming one side of a polygon.
43. A primary part of an electrical machine, said primary part having windings for producing a magnetic field, and a slot-like receptacle for accommodating at least part of a secondary part which is a component of the electrical machine and has a means for guiding a magnetic flux.
44. The primary part of claim 43, wherein the slot-like receptacle is constructed to act as a guide for guiding the primary part in relation to the secondary part.
45. The primary part of claim 43, constructed for integration in a recirculating roller unit andor a recirculating ball unit of a linear guide.
46. The primary part of claim 43, having a contact region with the secondary part, said contact region being located in a region of the slot-like receptacle, said primary part having a slide-promoting surface in the contact region.
47. A secondary part of an electrical machine, comprising a means for guiding a magnetic flux, and a slot-like receptacle for accommodating at least part of a primary part which is a component of the electrical machine and has windings for producing a magnetic field.
48. The secondary part of claim 47, wherein the slot-like receptacle is constructed to act as a guide for guiding the primary part in relation to the secondary part.
49. The secondary part of claim 47, constructed for integration in a recirculating roller unit andor a recirculating ball unit of a linear guide.
50. The secondary part of claim 47, having a contact region with the primary part, said contact region being located in a region of the slot-like receptacle, said secondary part having a slide-promoting surface in the contact region.
51. An electrical machine, comprising:
a primary part;
a secondary part; and
a guide which is at least partially integrated in at least one member selected from the group consisting of the primary part and the secondary part.
52. The electrical machine of claim 51, wherein the secondary part is used as a support area for the primary part.
53. An electrical machine, comprising:
a primary part; and
a secondary part,
wherein the primary part is constructed to only partially surround at least part of the secondary part, or the secondary part is constructed to only partially surround at least part of the primary part.
54. The electrical machine of claim 53, further comprising a guide integrated at least partially in at least one member selected from the group consisting of the primary part and the secondary part.
55. The electrical machine of claim 53, wherein the secondary part is used as a support area for the primary part.