1. An electron spin detector, comprising:
an electron optics that accelerates an electron beam emitted from an electron source and carries the electron beam in a given direction;
a deceleration lens that decelerates the electron beam that has passed through the electron optics; and
a plurality of magnetoresistive sensors that detect the decelerated electron beam,
wherein the detection surfaces of the magnetoresistive sensors are arranged toward an incoming direction of the electron beam so that a virtual envelop curve coming in contact with each detection surface of the magnetoresistive sensors is of a recess configuration when viewed from the incoming direction.
2. The electron spin detector according to claim 1,
wherein the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors are arranged immediately after the deceleration lens.
3. The electron spin detector according to claim 1
wherein the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors are arranged at different angles to the optical axis of the electron optics so that the electron beam spread by the deceleration lens is inputted substantially perpendicular to each of the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors.
4. The electron spin detector according to claim 3,
wherein the angle is more inclined toward the optical axis as the magnetoresistive sensors are farther apart from the optical axis of the electron optics.
5. The electron spin detector according to claim 1,
wherein an aperture has a hole smaller than the size of each magnetoresistive sensor on the incoming direction side of the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors, which faces to each magnetoresistive sensor.
6. The electron spin detector according to claim 1, wherein a unit for rotating an orientation of the electron spin of the electron beam is disposed in front of the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors to which the electron beam is inputted.
7. The electron spin detector according to claim 6, wherein the unit for rotating the orientation of the electron spin of the electron beam includes at least one Wien filter type having a mechanism in which an electric field and a magnetic field are orthogonal to each other.
8. The electron spin detector according to claim 1, wherein two units for rotating an orientation of the electron spin of the electron beam are disposed in front of the plurality of magnetoresistive sensors to which the electron beam is inputted.
9. An electron spin detector, comprising:
an electron optics that accelerates an electron beam emitted from an electron source and carries the electron beam in a given direction;
a deceleration lens that decelerates the electron beam that has passed through the electron optics; and
a plurality of magnetoresistive sensors that detect the decelerated electron beam,
wherein the magnetoresistive sensors are arranged within a virtual plane intersecting the optical axis of the electron optics, and
wherein the detection surfaces of the magnetoresistive sensors are arranged toward the electron optics in such a manner that an angle formed between a perpendicular to each detection surface of the magnetoresistive sensors and an optically axial direction of the electron optics is larger as the detection surface is farther apart from the optical axis.
10. A spin polarized scanning electron microscope, comprising:
an electron gun that emits an electron beam;
a primary electron beam emitted from the electron gun and irradiated on a sample mounted on a sample stage;
a secondary electron beam emitted from the sample surface by irradiation of the primary electron beam;
a secondary electron optics that accelerates the secondary electron beam and carries the secondary electron beam in a given direction; and
a spin rotator that changes the electron spin rotation of the electron beam that has passed through the secondary electron optics,
wherein the electron spin detector according to claim 1 is used for the detector that detects the electron beam that has passed through the spin rotator.
11. A spin resolved photoemission spectrometer, comprising:
a light source that emits an electromagnetic ray;
a condensing lens system that is disposed inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber and carries the electromagnetic ray to be irradiated to a sample;
an electron lens that condenses a photoelectron excited by irradiation on the sample; and
an energy analyzer that carries a photoelectron having a desired energy among the condensed photoelectrons in a given direction,
wherein the electron spin detector according to claim 1 is used for the detector that detects the photoelectron that has passed through the energy analyzer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for determining a genetic predisposition to or the presence of autism or an autism spectrum disorder in a subject, said method comprising identifying the presence of absence of a genetic alteration in a JARID2 nucleic acid molecule derived from the subject.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is identified as having a family member diagnosed with autism.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is identified as having a family member diagnosed with schizophrenia.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is in a linkage disequilibrium region of JARID2 or is associated with chromosome 6p23.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in said JARID2 nucleic acid molecule.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the SNP is selected from the group consisting of rs7766973 (SEQ ID NO: 2), rs6459404 (SEQ ID NO: 10), rs6921502 (SEQ ID NO: 8), rs6915344 (SEQ ID NO: 3), and rs13193457 (SEQ ID NO: 15).
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the identification of a C at polymorphism site rs7766973 (SEQ ID NO: 2), indicates an increased risk for autism.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is identified in a biological sample from the subject.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, feces, saliva, a cheek swab, amniotic fluid, and tissue.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample is blood.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is isolated from a subject that is between 0 and 6 months of age, between 6 and 12 months of age, or between 12 and 36 months of age.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a child identified as having delayed communication skills, social skills, or that is otherwise identified as developmentally disabled.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises comparing the genetic alteration in the subject with a corresponding sequence in a relative of the subject.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is detected by a method selected from the group consisting of direct sequencing, single strand polymorphism assay, denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, hybridization on a nucleic acid array, restriction length polymorphism assay, ligase chain reaction, enzymatic cleavage, southern hybridization, mass spectrometry, and polymerase chain reaction.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample comprises deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is detected by single strand polymorphism assay.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic alteration is detected using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the testing of the sample is carried out by direct sequencing of nucleic acids.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is at a site selected from the group consisting of rs7766973 (SEQ ID NO: 2), rs6915344 (SEQ ID NO: 3), rs12530202 (SEQ ID NO: 4), rs2295954 (SEQ ID NO: 5), rs9464779 (SEQ ID NO: 6), rs11962776 (SEQ ID NO: 7), rs6921502 (SEQ ID NO: 8), rs9396578 (SEQ ID NO: 9), rs6459404 (SEQ ID NO: 10), rs9370809 (SEQ ID NO: 11), rs3759 (SEQ ID NO: 12), rs957387, (SEQ ID NO: 13), rs707833 (SEQ ID NO: 14), rs13193457 (SEQ ID NO: 15), rs909626 (SEQ ID NO: 16).
20. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying the subject as having a developmental delay or behavioral abnormality characteristic of autism.
21. A method for identifying a subject as in need of therapeutic intervention to ameliorate autism or an autism spectrum disorder, the method comprising identifying the presence or absence of a genetic alteration in a JARID2 nucleic acid molecule derived from the subject.
22. A kit for detecting an autism-associated polymorphism in a subject, the kit comprising at least one polynucleotide molecule capable of specifically binding or hybridizing to a polymorphism in a JARID2 nucleic acid molecule and directions for using the kit in the method of claim 1.
23. A kit for detecting an autism-associated polymorphism in a subject, the kit comprising at least one set of primers suitable for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), wherein the set of primers amplifies a JARID2 nucleic acid molecule.
24. A kit for detecting an autism associated polymorphism in a subject, the kit comprising at least one set of primers suitable for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), wherein the set of primers amplifies polymorphism site selected from the group consisting of rs7766973 (SEQ ID NO: 2), rs6915344 (SEQ ID NO: 3), rs12530202 SEQ ID NO: 4), rs2295954 (SEQ ID NO: 5), rs9464779 (SEQ ID NO: 6), rs11962776 (SEQ ID NO: 7), rs6921502 (SEQ ID NO: 8), rs9396578 (SEQ ID NO: 9), rs6459404 (SEQ ID NO: 10), rs9370809 (SEQ ID NO: 11), rs3759 (SEQ ID NO: 12), rs957387 (SEQ ID NO: 13), rs707833, (SEQ ID NO: 14), rs13193457 (SEQ ID NO: 15), rs909626 (SEQ ID NO: 16).