1. A method for using bioimpedance to measure volumetric changes of a residual limb of a person with a limb amputation over time, while the person is wearing a prosthetic socket on the residual limb, comprising the steps of:
(a) injecting an alternating current into tissue of the residual limb, between two longitudinally spaced-apart points along the residual limb;
(b) detecting a change in voltage at a plurality of points that are intermediate the two spaced-apart points; and
(c) based upon the change in the voltage, using a model for determining a change in the volume of the residual limb over time.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of controlling a frequency of the alternating current to be within a frequency range from about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining changes in the volume of the residual limb during periods of different types of activity.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using the change in volume of the limb to determine if the prosthetic socket should be changed to provide a new prosthetic socket that better fits the residual limb of the person.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of using the change in volume of the residual limb to determine a non-essential fluid volume and an essential fluid volume to aid in designing a new prosthetic socket for the residual limb.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using the change in volume of the residual limb to determine a cause of a volume control problem of the person.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using a signal indicative of the change in volume of the residual limb as a feedback signal to control a device that modifies the volume of the residual limb, to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using a signal indicative of the change in volume of the residual limb as a feedback signal to control a device that modifies a volume of at least one of the prosthetic socket, and a component disposed in the prosthetic socket that can change an available volume in the prosthetic socket, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using a signal indicative of the change in volume of the residual limb as a feedback signal to control a device in at least one of a prosthetic foot, a pylon, and an alignment adaptor, to modify a force applied to the residual limb through the prosthetic socket, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of wirelessly transmitting the feedback signal that controls the device to the device.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using the change in volume of the residual limb to assist in determining an appropriate treatment of the person, and reduce volume fluctuations of the residual limb.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of wirelessly transmitting the voltage detected at the plurality of points to a receiver that is mounted proximate to the prosthetic socket, for processing to determine the change in volume of the residual limb.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of
(a) amplifying the voltages detected at the plurality of spaced-apart points with electronic amplifiers that are included with voltage electrodes on a patch applied to the residual limb, to produce voltage signals; and
(b) wirelessly energizing the electronic amplifiers with an inductive power signal that is transmitted from an inductive power source disposed on the prosthetic socket, proximate to the patch.
14. A method for assessing volumetric changes of a residual limb of a person with a limb amputation, comprising the steps of:
(a) coupling a first current electrode to tissue at a first position on the residual limb, and a second current electrode to tissue at a second position on the residual limb that is more distal than the first position;
(b) coupling a plurality of voltage electrodes to tissue on the residual limb, at spaced-apart positions that are disposed intermediate the first position and the second position;
(c) applying an alternating current to the first and second current electrodes;
(d) sensing a voltage between pairs of the plurality of voltage electrodes;
(e) based on the voltage between the pairs of the plurality of voltage electrodes, determining a change in a volume of the residual limb over time; and
(f) providing a signal indicating the change in the volume of the residual limb over time.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of determining the change in the volume of the residual limb comprises the step of employing modeling of bioimpedance characteristics of the residual limb to determine the change in volume of the residual limb.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of employing modeling comprises the step of employing Cole modeling to determine the change in volume, wherein the Cole modeling uses an equivalent circuit corresponding to an extracellular resistance, an intracellular resistance, and a cell membrane capacitance.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the voltage sensed between a pair of the voltage electrodes is indicative of a volume change of a generally cylindrical segment of the residual limb disposed between the voltage electrodes of the pair.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of employing Cole modeling comprises the steps of applying a nonlinear weighted least-squares curve-fitting to a multi-frequency impedance spectrum of the voltage sensed between pairs of the voltage electrodes; and, extrapolating bioimpedance data at different frequencies of the alternating current applied to the first and second current electrodes.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of converting the bioimpedance data to volume data through modeling, based on the principle of volume conduction.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of applying the alternating current comprises the step of applying the alternating current at a plurality of different frequencies selected from a range of about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of applying the alternating current at the plurality of different frequencies includes the steps of determining an extracellular bioimpedance using a lower frequency in the range, and determining both the extracellular bioimpedance and an intracellular bioimpedance using a higher frequency in the range.
22. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of using the signal indicative of the change in volume of the limb as feedback, to control a device that modifies the volume of the residual limb, so that the volume of the residual limb is automatically controlled while the person engages in different activities.
23. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of using the signal indicative of the change in volume of the residual limb as feedback, to control a device that modifies a volume of at least one of a prosthetic socket worn on the residual limb, and a component disposed in the prosthetic socket that can change an available volume in the prosthetic socket, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
24. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of using the signal indicative of the change in volume of the residual limb as feedback, to control a device in at least one of a prosthetic foot, a pylon, and an alignment adaptor, to modify a force applied to the residual limb through a prosthetic socket worn on the residual limb, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
25. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of using the signal indicative of the change in volume for controlling a vacuum assist device to vary a level of a vacuum applied to a prosthetic socket that is fitted to the residual limb, wherein the vacuum controls an amount of an extracellular fluid buildup within the residual limb to control the volume of the residual limb and maintain a comfortable fit of the residual limb within the prosthetic socket.
26. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of using the signal indicative of the change in volume to graphically indicate the change in the volume of the residual limb over time.
27. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of transmitting the signal indicative of the change in volume to a computing device for further processing.
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising the steps of storing data comprising the signal indicative of the volume change, for an extended period of time; and, communicating the data to the computing device from the storage device, when desired.
29. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of determining the change in volume while the person is engaged in different types of activities, to assess the extent of the volume change in each type of activity.
30. A system for assessing volumetric changes of a limb of a person with a limb amputation, while the person is wearing a prosthetic socket, comprising:
(a) a first current electrode and a second current electrode that are configured to couple electrically to tissue respectively at a proximal position and a distal position along a longitudinal axis of a limb;
(b) a plurality of voltage electrodes that are configured to couple to tissue of the residual limb at spaced-apart positions intermediate the first and the second current electrodes;
(c) an alternating current source coupled to the first and the second current electrodes, the alternating current source producing an alternating current for injection into tissue of a limb; and
(d) a processing device that is coupled to the voltage electrodes, the processing device processing a voltage sensed across pairs of the plurality of voltage electrodes, to produce a signal indicative of a change in the volume of the residual limb over time.
31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device processes the voltage sensed across the pairs of the plurality of voltage electrodes using modeling related to a bioimpedance of tissue.
32. The system of claim 31, where the voltage sensed between a pair of the voltage electrodes is indicative of a volume change of a generally cylindrical segment of the residual limb disposed between the voltage electrodes of the pair.
33. The system of claim 32, wherein the alternating current source produces alternating current at plurality of different frequencies, and where the processing device applies a nonlinear weighted least-squares curve-fitting to a multi-frequency impedance spectrum of the voltage sensed between adjacent pairs of the voltage electrodes and extrapolates bioimpedance data at a plurality of different frequencies of the alternating current applied to the first and second current electrodes.
34. The system of claim 33, wherein the plurality of different frequencies are in a range from about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz.
35. The system of claim 34, wherein the alternating current source applies current to the first and second current electrodes at a lower frequency in the range to enable the processing device to determine an extracellular bioimpedance and applies current to the first and second current electrodes at a higher frequency in the range to enable the processing device to determine both the extracellular bioimpedance and an intracellular bioimpedance.
36. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device is configured to couple the signal indicative of the change in the volume to a volume control device that is used to vary a level of a vacuum applied to a prosthetic socket that is fitted to the residual limb, so that the level of the vacuum applied to the prosthetic socket is varied to control an amount of an extracellular fluid buildup within the residual limb, and thereby, to control the volume of the residual limb and maintain a comfortable, healthy, or stable fit of the residual limb within the prosthetic socket.
37. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device is configured to couple the signal indicative of the change in the volume to a volume control device that is used to vary a volume of at least one of a prosthetic socket worn on the residual limb, and a component disposed in the prosthetic socket that can change an available volume in the prosthetic socket, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
38. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device is configured to couple the signal indicative of the change in the volume to a volume control device that is used to control at least one of a prosthetic foot, a pylon, and an alignment adaptor, to modify a force applied to the residual limb through a prosthetic socket worn on the residual limb, so as to automatically compensate for the change in the volume of the residual limb as the person engages in different activities.
39. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device is coupled to storage media for storing data comprising the signal indicative of the change in the volume of the residual limb over time, so that the data can be downloaded over a link when desired.
40. The system of claim 30, wherein the processing device is coupled to a wireless transceiver for transmitting the signal indicative of the change in the volume to a receiving station.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A system for scrambling data in a sequential cell, the sequential cell configured to receive the data from a data bus, comprising:
a scrambling unit coupled to the sequential cell and the data bus, the scrambling unit configured to receive a scrambling unit input from the data bus and produce a scrambling unit output that differs from the scrambling unit input, wherein the scrambling unit output is transmitted to the sequential cell; and
a descrambling unit coupled to the sequential cell and configured to receive a descrambling unit input from the sequential cell and produce a descrambling unit output that differs from the descrambling unit input, wherein the descrambling unit output is equal to the scrambling unit input.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sequential cell comprises a D flip-flop.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sequential cell is a configuration register.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the scrambling unit is configured to produce the scrambling unit output using a random value.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the scrambling unit produces the scrambling unit output by manipulating the scrambling unit input with a scrambling operation: +1 modulo N, N being an integer.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the scrambling unit further comprises an inverter and an XOR gate.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the descrambling unit produces the descrambling unit output by manipulating the descrambling unit input with a descrambling operation: \u22121 modulo N, N being an integer.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the descrambling unit further comprises an inverter and an XNOR gate.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the scrambling unit produces the scrambling unit output by manipulating the scrambling unit input with a scrambling function and the descrambling unit produces the descrambling unit output by manipulating the descrambling unit input with a descrambling function, wherein the descrambling unit function is the inverse of the scrambling unit function.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the scrambling unit receives a number, the scrambling function configured to manipulate the scrambling unit input with the number.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the descrambling unit receives the number, the descrambling function configured to manipulate the descrambling unit input with the number.
12. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
a number generator configured to generate the number; and
a storage unit configured to store the number for the descrambling unit.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the number generator is a random sequence generator.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the storage unit is a multiplexer coupled to a D flip-flop.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the sequential cell receives a clock signal and is configured to receive data at intervals defined by the clock signal, wherein the storage unit and the number generator receive the clock signal and the scrambling unit is configured to transmit scrambling unit output to the sequential cell at intervals defined by the clock signal and a receipt of data.
16. The system of claim 11, wherein the scrambling unit further comprises:
a means for multiplexing configured to receive the scrambling unit input and the descrambling unit output
17. The system of claim 16, further comprising:
a number generator configured to generate the number; and
a storage unit configured to store the number for the descrambling unit.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the number generator is a random sequence generator.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the storage unit is a D flip-flop.
20. The system of claim 17, further comprising:
a means for directing output from the descrambling unit to the input of the scrambling unit, wherein the sequential cell receives a clock signal and is configured to receive data at intervals defined by the clock signal, wherein the storage unit and the number generator receive the clock signal and the scrambling unit is configured to transmit scrambling unit output to the sequential cell at intervals defined by the clock signal, the scrambling unit using the descrambling unit output as scrambling unit input if there is no scrambling unit input from the data bus.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the means for directing output from the descrambling unit to the input of the scrambling unit is a multiplexer.
22. A microcontroller having a sequential cell configured to receive data from a data bus, a system for scrambling the data in the sequential cell comprising:
a scrambling unit coupled to the sequential cell and the data bus, the scrambling unit configured to receive a scrambling unit input from the data bus and produce a scrambling unit output that differs from the scrambling unit input, wherein the scrambling unit output is transmitted to the sequential cell; and
a descrambling unit coupled to the register and configured to receive a descrambling unit input from the sequential cell and produce a descrambling unit output that differs from the descrambling unit input, wherein the descrambling unit output is equal to the scrambling unit input.
23. The microcontroller of claim 22, further comprising a peripheral module coupled to the microcontroller, wherein the sequential cell is a configuration register in the peripheral module.
24. The microcontroller of claim 22, wherein the sequential cell is storing a parameter of a digital signal processing algorithm.
25. The microcontroller of claim 22, wherein the sequential cell is a key of a crypt algorithm.
26. The microcontroller of claim 22, wherein the sequential cell is a temporary value of the system bus.
27. A microcomputer having a register, the register configured to receive data from a data bus, a system for scrambling the data in the register comprising:
a scrambling unit coupled to the register and the data bus, the scrambling unit configured to receive a scrambling unit input from the data bus and produce a scrambling unit output that differs from the scrambling unit input, wherein the scrambling unit output is transmitted to the register; and
a descrambling unit coupled to the register and configured to receive a descrambling unit input from the sequential cell and produce a descrambling unit output that differs from the descrambling unit input, wherein the descrambling unit output is equal to the scrambling unit input.
28. A method of scrambling sequential cell content in an integrated circuit, comprising:
scrambling data;
loading the scrambled data into a sequential cell;
unloading the scrambled data from the sequential cell; and
descrambling the data.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the sequential cell is a register and the integrated circuit is a microcontroller.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein scrambling comprises:
performing the mathematical function \u201c+1 modulo N\u201d on the data, N being an integer.
31. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
generating a number; and
wherein scrambling the data further comprises manipulating the data with the number.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein loading the scrambled data into a sequential cell occurs each clock cycle.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein loading the scrambled data into a sequential cell occurs each clock cycle during which there is new data to be scrambled.