1. A method for producing a multifunctional particle, the method comprising:
contacting a hydrophobic silane to a surface of a silica particle comprising a diatomaceous earth particle, a fused silica particle or a rice husk ash particle to chemically bond the hydrophobic silane to at least a portion of the surface of the silica particle;
contacting a silane coupling agent to the surface of the silica particle to chemically bond the silane coupling agent to at least a portion of the surface of the silica particle;
rinsing the silica particle with a solvent after contacting at least one of the hydrophobic silane or the silane coupling agent to remove impurities and to remove any of the at least one of the hydrophobic silane or the silane coupling agent that are unattached to the silica particle; and
wherein the multifunctional particle is superhydrophobic and chemically reactive.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic silane and the silane coupling agent are simultaneously bonded to the surface of the silica particle.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic silane bonds to the surface of the silica particle before the silane coupling agent bonds to the surface of the silica particle.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the silane coupling agent bonds to the surface of the silica particle before the hydrophobic silane bonds to the surface of the silica particle.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of amino-functional hydrocarbon silanes, N-(6-aminohexyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminohexylaminoethyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methyacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, and combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises amine silanes, olefin silanes, anhydride silanes, epoxy silanes, halogen silanes, hydroxyl silanes, dipodal silanes, acrylate silanes, sulfur-containing silanes, isocyanate silanes, or azide silanes.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic silane comprises a molecule of the structure:
Xy(CH3)(3-y)SiLR
where y is 1 to 3;
X is Cl, Br, I, H, HO, R\u2032HN, R\u20322N, imidizolo, R\u2032C(O)N(H), R\u2032C(O)N(R\u2033), R\u2032O, F3CC(O)N(H), F3CC(O)N(CH3), or F3S(O)2O, where R\u2032 is a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon of 1 to 4 carbons and R\u2033 is methyl or ethyl;
L, a linking group, is CH2CH2, CH2CH2CH2, CH2CH2O, CH2CH2CH2O, CH2CH2C(O), CH2CH2CH2C(O), CH2CH2OCH2, CH2CH2CH2OCH2; and
R is (CF2)nCF3 or (CF(CF3)OCF2)nCF2CF3, where n is 0 to 24.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the hydrophobic silane to the silane coupling agent chemically bonded to the surface of the silica particle is from 5:1 to 2.5:1 by weight.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional particle comprises a self-assembled monolayer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for connecting superior and inferior vertebrae, comprising:
a fastener adapted for connecting the superior vertebra to the inferior vertebra; and
a receiver for positioning between the superior and inferior vertebrae, the receiver including a passage for receiving the fastener, the receiver having a first surface for positioning adjacent the first vertebrae and a second surface for positioning adjacent to the inferior vertebrae, the passage extending at an angle relative to the first and second surfaces.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the receiver includes first and second passages, each adapted for receiving a fastener for connecting with the superior and inferior vertebrae.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first and second passages extend at angles relative to each other.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a tool adapted for temporarily connecting with the receiver, the tool including a guide for guiding a drilling element for forming an opening in one of the superior or inferior vertebrae when connected to the receiver.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the guide is tubular.
6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the guide is connected to the tool for movement along an arcuate path to a position in alignment with the angled passage of the receiver.
7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the tool comprises a connector adapted for connecting to the body of the receiver.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a tubular guide for guiding a drilling element for forming an opening in one of the superior or inferior vertebrae.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tubular guide is connected to the receiver in alignment with the angled passage.
10. An apparatus for use in connection with a procedure for connecting superior and inferior vertebrae using a receiver including at least one passage, comprising:
a tool adapted to be connected to the receiver for guiding a drilling element for forming an opening in one of the superior or inferior vertebrae.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the tool comprises a guide adapted for receiving the drilling element.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the guide is connected to the tool for movement along an arcuate path to a position in alignment with the angled passage of the receiver.
13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the tool includes a connector for connecting to the receiver in a manner that prevents relative rotation during use in forming the opening on one of the superior or inferior vertebrae.
14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the tool includes a connector for connecting to the receiver in a manner that allows relative rotation after forming the opening on one vertebrae to form an opening in the other vertebra.
15. An apparatus for use in connection with a procedure for connecting superior and inferior vertebrae, comprising:
a receiver for positioning between the superior and inferior vertebrae, the receiver adapted for positioning between the superior vertebra and the inferior vertebra; and
a tool adapted to be connected to the receiver for guiding a drilling element for forming an opening in one of the superior or inferior vertebrae.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the receiver includes at least one passage adapted for receiving a fastener, the passage extending at an angle relative to a first surface of the receiver for positioning adjacent to the superior vertebra and a second surface of the receiver for positioning adjacent to the inferior vertebra.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the tool comprises a guide adapted for receiving the drilling element.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the guide is connected to the tool for movement along an arcuate path to a position in alignment with the angled passage of the receiver.
19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the tool includes a connector for connecting to the receiver in a manner that prevents relative rotation during use in forming the opening on one of the superior or inferior vertebrae.
20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the tool includes a connector for connecting to the receiver in a manner that allows relative rotation after forming the opening on one vertebrae to form an opening in the other vertebra.