1. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula I
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a C1-10alkyl group substituted by one or two phenyl groups, a C2-10alkenyl group, a C2-10alkynyl group, a hydroxylC2-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxycarbonylC1-10alkyl group, an aminoC2-10alkyl group or a C1-10alkoxyC1-10alkyl group;
X represents a fluorine atom;
Y represents an amino group, \u2014SR3, \u2014S(O)nR7, \u2014SCHR3R4, \u2014S(O)nCHR3R4, \u2014NHCHR3R4, \u2014N(CHR3R4)(CHR5R6), \u2014NHCOR3 or \u2014OCOR7 (wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d;
R7 represents a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d; and n represents integer 1 or 2).
2. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II
Wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a C1-10alkyl group substituted by one or two phenyl groups, a C2-10alkenyl group, a C2-10alkynyl group, a hydroxylC2-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxycarbonylC1-10alkyl group, an aminoC2-10alkyl group or a C1-10alkoxyC1-10alkyl group;
X represents a fluorine atom;
Y represents an amino group, \u2014SR3, \u2014S(O)nR7, \u2014SCHR3R4, \u2014S(O)nCHR3R4, \u2014NHCHR3R4, \u2014N(CHR3R4)(CHR5R6), \u2014NHCOR3 or \u2014OCOR7 (wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d;
R7 represents a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d; and n represents integer 1 or 2).
3. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R2 represents a hydrogen.
4. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen.
5. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen atom; Y represents \u2014SR3 (\u2014SR3 is the same as mentioned above).
6. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen atom; and Y represents \u2014S(O)nR7(\u2014S(O)nR7 is the same as mentioned above).
7. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, such a compound of formula II being:
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(thiophene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(2-phenylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-methoxybenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-t-butylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-trifluoromethylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-bromo-naphthalene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfinyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(propylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-phenyl-ethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methylsulfanyl-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2,3-diamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-N,N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)methylamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; or
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid.
8. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, such a compound of formula II being:
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2,3-diamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(thiophene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(2-phenylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-methoxybenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-t-butylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-trifuoromethylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-bromo-naphthalene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfinyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(propylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-phenyl-ethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methylsulfanyl-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-N,N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)methylamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 2-benzyl ester 6-ethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 2-ethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-isobutyl ester; or
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-benzyl ester.
9. A drug comprising the 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 1, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the hydrate thereof as an active ingredient.
10. The drug according to claim 9 wherein the drug is a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Circuitry for creating an entangled cupolet pair, the circuitry comprising:
exchange function circuitry; and
control circuitry, the control circuitry configured to:
apply first controls to a first chaotic system, said first controls causing the first chaotic system to stabilize onto a first cupolet and produce a first visitation sequence,
provide the first visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a first output in response to the first visitation sequence,
apply the first output as a control to a second chaotic system to produce a second visitation sequence,
provide the second visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence, and
apply the second output to the first chaotic system, wherein the second output maintains the first cupolet and the second cupolet in an entangled state.
2. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein:
the first visitation sequence and the second visitation sequence are each binary sequences, and
the exchange function circuitry is further configured to produce the first output by modifying the first visitation sequence according to a predefined binary sequence.
3. The circuitry of claim 1, further comprising storage circuitry, the storage circuitry configured to store bit values of the first visitation sequence in a register of length P, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
periodically extend the first visitation sequence to produce a periodic first visitation sequence of length P in response to a determination that a period of the stored bits of the first visitation sequence is of a length less than P; and
provide the length P periodic first visitation code to the storage circuitry for storage in the register of length P.
4. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence by:
receiving, as input, a bit of the second visitation sequence;
outputting a \u20181\u2019 bit in a bit position of the second output corresponding to the received bit of the second visitation sequence in response to a determination that at least N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits; and
outputting a \u20180\u2019 bit in the bit position of the second output corresponding to the received bit of the second visitation sequence in response to a determination that fewer than N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
5. The circuitry of claim 4, further comprising clearing a register storing bits of the second visitation sequence in response to the determination that at least N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
6. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence by:
reading, as input, a block of M bits of the second visitation sequence from a register;
outputting L \u20181\u2019-valued bits in bit positions of the second output corresponding to the read block in response to a determination that at least N of the M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits; and
outputting L \u20180\u2019-valued bits in bit positions of the second output corresponding to the read block in response to a determination that fewer than N of the M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
7. A method for maintaining a pair of cupolets in a state of mutual stabilization, the method comprising:
generating a first cupolet and a second cupolet;
applying a first control code to the first cupolet for a first time to produce a first visitation code;
transforming the first visitation code based on an exchange function to produce a second control code;
applying the second control code to the second cupolet to produce a second visitation code;
transforming the second visitation code based on the exchange function to produce the first control code; and
applying the first control code to the first cupolet for a second time.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein applying the second control code to the second cupolet and applying the first control code to the first cupolet for the second time stabilizes a combined trajectory of first cupolet and the second cupolet.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first visitation sequence is produced as a trajectory of the first cupolet evolves one full period about an attractor of the first cupolet.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein applying the first control code to the first cupolet for the first time to produce the first visitation code comprises:
applying a macrocontrol to a trajectory of the first cupolet in response to determining that a trajectory of the first cupolet crosses a control plane if a corresponding bit of the first control code is \u20181\u2019 valued; and
applying a microcontrol to the trajectory of the first cupolet in response to determining that the trajectory of the first cupolet crosses the control plane if the corresponding bit of the first control code is \u20180\u2019 valued.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the application of the first control code to the first cupolet for the first time stabilizes the first cupolet.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein a period of a first output resulting from the first visitation code is an integer multiple of a period of the first control code.
13. A logic gate comprising:
logic circuitry configured to receive a plurality of input signals to the logic gate; and
control circuitry configured to:
generate an entangled cupolet pair;
apply the plurality of input signals to the entangled cupolet pair;
determine a state of the entangled cupolet pair in response to the plurality of input signals; and
provide an output signal of the logic gate in response to the determined state.
14. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein the determined state is a deviation from an entangled state of the entangled cupolet pair prior to application of the plurality of the input signals to the entangled cupolet pair.
15. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein in response to the plurality of input signals, the entangled cupolet pair:
deviates from, but reacquires entanglement, in response to a first set of values of the plurality of input signals; and
breaks entanglement in response to a second set of values of the plurality of input signals.
16. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein the output signal of the logic gate is based, at least in part, on a transition of the entangled cupolet pair from a first entangled state to a second entangled state.
17. A secure memory device comprising:
generation circuitry configured to generate a cupolet pair;
input circuitry configured to receive an input for storage, the input corresponding to a cupolet control code;
control circuitry configured to store the control code by applying the control code to the cupolet pair to produce an entangled cupolet pair; and
read circuitry configured to receive a read request for the stored control code.
18. The secure memory device of claim 17, wherein:
the read circuitry is further configured to output the stored control code in response to a predefined read request.
19. The secure memory device of claim 18, wherein the cupolet pair breaks entanglement in response to a read request other than the predefined read request and thereby loses storage of the control code.
20. A method for creating a multi-cupolet entanglement, the method comprising:
applying first controls to a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of a first chaotic system and second controls to a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system, said first controls and second controls together causing the first chaotic system to produce a first visitation sequence associated with the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system and a second visitation sequence associated with the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system;
providing the first visitation sequence and the second visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a first output in response to the first visitation sequence and a second output in response to the second visitation sequence,
applying the first output as a control to a second chaotic system to produce an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the second chaotic system and the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system; and
applying the second output as a control to a third chaotic system to produce an entangled state between a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the third chaotic system and the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising applying additional controls to the first chaotic system or the second chaotic system and to the third chaotic system, said additional controls producing an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the third chaotic system and a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the second chaotic system.
22. A method for creating a multi-cupolet entanglement among a plurality of more than two chaotic systems, the method comprising:
for each chaotic system in the plurality of more than two chaotic systems:
applying controls to a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system and to a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system, said controls causing the chaotic system to produce a first visitation sequence associated with the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system and a second visitation sequence associated with the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system;
producing a first output in response to the first visitation sequence and a second output in response to the second visitation sequence,
applying the first output as a control to a first neighbor chaotic system in the plurality of chaotic systems to produce an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first neighbor chaotic system and the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system; and
applying the second output as a control to a second neighbor chaotic system in the plurality of chaotic systems to produce an entangled state between a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the second neighbor chaotic system and the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the plurality of more than two chaotic systems comprises a first chaotic system having an lobe entangled with both a lobe of a second chaotic system and a lobe of third chaotic system, wherein the first chaotic system and the second chaotic system are two chaotic systems in a loop of entangled chaotic systems that includes at least one other chaotic system from the plurality of chaotic systems other than the first chaotic system.