1. An article, comprising:
first and second window panes; and
a photovoltaic cell between the first and second window panes.
2. The article of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and an photoactive material disposed between the first and second electrodes, the photoactive material comprising a polymer including a first comonomer repeat unit and a second comonomer repeat unit different from the first comonomer repeat unit, the first comonomer repeat unit comprising a cyclopentadithiophene moiety, a silacyclopentadithiophene moiety, a cyclopentadithiazole moiety, a thiazolothiazole moiety, or a thiazole moiety.
3. The article of claim 2, wherein the first comonomer repeat unit comprises a cyclopentadithiophene moiety.
4. The article of claim 3, wherein the cyclopentadithiophene moiety is substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C1-C20 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CN, OR, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or SO2R; R being H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or C1-C20 heterocycloalkyl.
5. The article of claim 4, wherein the cyclopentadithiophene moiety is substituted with hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or 3,7-dimethyloctyl.
6. The article of claim 4, wherein the cyclopentadithiophene moiety is substituted at 4-position.
7. The article of claim 3, wherein the first comonomer repeat unit comprises a cyclopentadithiophene moiety of formula (1):
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, and R4, independently, is H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C1-C20 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CN, OR, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or SO2R; R being H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or C1-C20heterocycloalkyl.
8. The article of claim 7, wherein each of R1 and R2, independently, is hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or 3,7-dimethyloctyl.
9. The article of claim 2, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises a benzothiadiazole moiety, a thiadiazoloquinoxaline moiety, a cyclopentadithiophene oxide moiety, a benzoisothiazole moiety, a benzothiazole moiety, a thiophene oxide moiety, a thienothiophene moiety, a thienothiophene oxide moiety, a dithienothiophene moiety, a dithienothiophene oxide moiety, a tetrahydroisoindole moiety, a fluorene moiety, a silole moiety, a cyclopentadithiophene moiety, a fluorenone moiety, a thiazole moiety, a selenophene moiety, a thiazolothiazole moiety, a cyclopentadithiazole moiety, a naphthothiadiazole moiety, a thienopyrazine moiety, a silacyclopentadithiophene moiety, an oxazole moiety, an imidazole moiety, a pyrimidine moiety, a benzoxazole moiety, or a benzimidazole moiety.
10. The article of claim 9, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises a 3,4-benzo-1,2,5-thiadiazole moiety.
11. The article of claim 9, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises a benzothiadiazole moiety of formula (2), a thiadiazoloquinoxaline moiety of formula (3), a cyclopentadithiophene dioxide moiety of formula (4), a cyclopentadithiophene monoxide moiety of formula (5), a benzoisothiazole moiety of formula (6), a benzothiazole moiety of formula (7), a thiophene dioxide moiety of formula (8), a cyclopentadithiophene dioxide moiety of formula (9), a cyclopentadithiophene tetraoxide moiety of formula (10), a thienothiophene moiety of formula (11), a thienothiophene tetraoxide moiety of formula (12), a dithienothiophene moiety of formula (13), a dithienothiophene dioxide moiety of formula (14), a dithienothiophene tetraoxide moiety of formula (15), a tetrahydroisoindole moiety of formula (16), a thienothiophene dioxide moiety of formula (17), a dithienothiophene dioxide moiety of formula (18), a fluorene moiety of formula (19), a silole moiety of formula (20), a cyclopentadithiophene moiety of formula (21), a fluorenone moiety of formula (22), a thiazole moiety of formula (23), a selenophene moiety of formula (24), a thiazolothiazole moiety of formula (25), a cyclopentadithiazole moiety of formula (26), a naphthothiadiazole moiety of formula (27), a thienopyrazine moiety of formula (28), a silacyclopentadithiophene moiety of formula (29), an oxazole moiety of formula (30), an imidazole moiety of formula (31), a pyrimidine moiety of formula (32), a benzoxazole moiety of formula (33), or a benzimidazole moiety of formula (34):
wherein
each of X and Y, independently, is CH2, O, or S;
each of R5 and R6, independently, is H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C1-C20 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CN, OR, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or SO2R, in which R is H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or C1-C20heterocycloalkyl; and
each of R7 and R8, independently, is H, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl.
12. The article of claim 11, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises a benzothiadiazole moiety of formula (2).
13. The article of claim 12, wherein each of R1 and R2 is H.
14. The article of claim 2, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises at least three thiophene moieties.
15. The article of claim 14, wherein at least one of the thiophene moieties is substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl.
16. The article of claim 14, wherein the second comonomer repeat unit comprises five thiophene moieties.
17. The article of claim 2, wherein the polymer further comprises a third comonomer repeat unit, the third comonomer repeat unit comprising a thiophene moiety or a fluorene moiety.
18. The article of claim 17, wherein the thiophene or fluorene moiety is substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl.
19. The article of claim 2, wherein the photoactive material further comprises an electron acceptor material.
20. The article of claim 19, wherein the electron acceptor material comprises a fullerene.
21. The article of claim 20, wherein the electron acceptor material comprises PCBM.
22. The article of claim 19, wherein the polymer and the electron acceptor material each has a LUMO energy level, the LUMO energy level of the polymer is at least about 0.2 eV less negative than the LUMO energy level of the electron acceptor material.
23. The article of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell is disposed on a surface of a window blind between first and second window panes.
24. The article of claim 23, wherein the window blind is foldable or rollable.
25. An article, comprising:
a window blind;
a photovoltaic cell on a surface of a window blind.
26. The article of claim 25, wherein the window blind is foldable or rollable.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor configured to be operatively coupled to a memory and that is configured to execute a switch module; and
the switch module configured to receive an order identifier of a first data packet from a first stage of a multi-stage switch;
the switch module configured to receive an indicator of an available capacity of a first module of a second stage of the multi-stage switch, and an indicator of an available capacity of a second module of the second stage of the multi-stage switch;
the switch module configured, when the order identifier is assigned, to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the second module is higher than the available capacity of the first module;
the switch module is configured, when the order identifier is flexible, to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the first module is above a threshold.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the switch module is configured, when the order identifier is unassigned, to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the second module is lower than the available capacity of the first module.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the switch module is configured, when the order identifier is unassigned, to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the first module is higher than the available capacity of the second module.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the switch module is configured to receive a destination identifier of the first data packet, the order identifier of the first data packer is based on the destination identifier.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the switch module is configured, when the order identifier is unassigned, to direct the first data packet to the first module or to the second module when the available capacity of the second module is lower than the available capacity of the first module.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the switch module is configured to direct the first data packet to the second module and when the order identifier is flexible when the available capacity of the first module is below a threshold.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the order identifier is assigned when a destination of the first data packet is configured to receive in chronological order a plurality of data packets.
8. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor configured to be operatively coupled to a memory and that is configured to execute a switch module; and
the switch module configured to receive a destination identifier of a first data packet from a first stage of a multi-stage switch;
the switch module configured to send a request for an order identifier based on the destination identifier;
the switch module configured to request, when the order identifier is unassigned, an indicator of an available capacity of a first module of a second stage of the multi-stage switch, and an indicator of an available capacity of a second module of the second stage of the multi-stage switch;
the switch module configured, when the order identifier is unassigned, to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the first module is higher than the available capacity of the second module;
the switch module is configured to direct, when the order identifier is flexible, the first data packet to the second module when an available capacity of the first module is below a first threshold.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
the switch module configured, when the order identifier is unassigned, to direct the first data packet to the second module when the available capacity of the second module is higher than the available capacity of the first module.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
the switch module configured to direct the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the first module is lower than the available capacity of the second module and when the order identifier is assigned.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the order identifier is assigned when a destination of the first data packet is configured to receive a plurality of data packets in chronological order.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the order identifier is unassigned when the first data packet does not have a specified order relative to other data packets.
13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
the switch module is configured to direct, the first data packet to the first module when an available capacity of the first module is above a first threshold and when the order identifier is flexible.
14. A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code representing instructions to cause a processor to:
receive an order identifier of a first data packet from a multi-stage switch;
direct, when the order identifier is unassigned, the first data packet to any module from a plurality of modules of a second stage of the multi-stage switch;
direct, when the order identifier is assigned, the first data packet to a first module from the plurality of modules of a second stage of the multi-stage switch when the available capacity of a second module of a second stage of the multi-stage switch is higher than the available capacity of the first module; and
direct, when the order identifier is flexible, the first data packet to the second module when an available capacity of the first module is below a first threshold.
15. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, further storing code representing instructions to cause a processor to:
receive an indicator of an available capacity of the first module, and an indicator of an available capacity of the second module;
direct, when the order identifier is unassigned, the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the second module is lower than the available capacity of the first module; and
direct, when the order identifier is unassigned, the first data packet to the second module when the available capacity of the second module is higher than the available capacity of the first module.
16. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, further comprising code representing instructions to cause a processor to:
receive an order identifier of a second data packet from the multi-stage switch;
receive an indicator of an available capacity of the first module;
direct, when the order identifier of the second data packet is unassigned, the second data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the second module is lower than the available capacity of the first module; and
direct, when the order identifier of the second data packet is unassigned, the second data packet to the second module when the available capacity of the second module is higher than the available capacity of the first module.
17. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the order identifier is unassigned when the first data packet does not have a specified order relative to other data packets having a destination corresponding to a destination of the first data packet.
18. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the order identifier is assigned when a destination of the first data packet is configured to receive a plurality of data packets in chronological order.
19. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the order identifier is based on an indication of a destination of the first packet.
20. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 14, further comprising code representing instructions to cause a processor to:
direct, when the order identifier is flexible, the first data packet to the first module when the available capacity of the first module is above the first threshold.