1. A method for producing ultrafine metal particles in an aqueous medium, comprising:
providing a reaction chamber having a transition metal anode and a transition metal cathode disposed therein, and said reaction chamber also containing an aqueous medium;
associating the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode at a distance with respect to one another such that when activated by a power source, a discharge arc occurs between the anode and cathode within the aqueous medium; and
activating a power source to cause the discharge arc to occur between the anode and the cathode, thereby generating ultrafine metal particles suspended within the aqueous medium.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the power source is a pulsing power source.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the frequency and current from the power source in order to increase production of ultrafine particles within a target particle size range.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the power source is a direct current power source.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising flowing a gas across the discharge gap while activating the power source.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising seeding the aqueous fluid with metal particulates prior to activating the power source.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous medium is unseeded dionized water and the power source is activated for a period sufficiently long to achieve a predetermined concentration of metal particles.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein an aqueous medium management system operably connected to the reaction chamber and maintains the concentration of the metallic particles in the aqueous medium within a predetermined range.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising circulating the aqueous medium into and out of the reaction chamber.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising associating a control unit configured to monitor and adjust the distance between the anode and cathode in order to maintain the distance within a predetermined range.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal particles are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, elemental metals, metal carbonates, and mixtures thereof.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, aluminum, silver, zinc, aluminum, cadmium, mercury, thallium, indium, gallium, copper, nickel, gold, rhodium, and iridium and alloys thereof.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of copper.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of aluminum.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of silver.
17. A system for producing solutions containing ultrafine metal particles, comprising:
a reaction chamber configured to retain an aqueous medium;
a pulsing power source capable of controlling electric current;
a transition metal cathode and a transition metal anode operably connected to the pulsing power source and configured to be submersed in the aqueous medium, when present, such that a discharge gap is present between the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode; and
a control unit configured to monitor and adjust the discharge gap to maintain the discharge gap within a predetermined range by moving at least one of the anode or the cathode.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source is a direct current power source.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 2 kHz to about 30 kHz.
20. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 5 kHz to about 25 kHz.
21. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 20 kHz.
22. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source is configured to provide a pulse width of about 0.014 ms to about 0.14 ms.
23. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source is configured to provide a pulse width of about 0.014 ms to about 0.04 ms.
24. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source has a current of about 10 amps to about 75 amps.
25. The system of claim 17, wherein the pulsing power source has a current of about 16 amps to about 65 amps.
26. The system of claim 17, wherein the system further comprises an aqueous medium management system operably connected to the reaction chamber and configured to maintain the concentration of the metallic particles in the aqueous medium within a predetermined range.
27. The system of claim 17, wherein the discharge gap has a distance of about 0.0001 inches to about 0.005 inches.
28. The system of claim 17, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, aluminum, silver, zinc, aluminum, cadmium, mercury, thallium, indium, gallium, copper, nickel, gold, rhodium, and iridium and alloys thereof.
29. The system of claim 17, wherein the transition metal anode and the transition metal cathode are comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, and silver.
30. The system of claim 17, wherein the system further includes a gas injector configured to flow gas across the discharge gap.
31. The system of claim 30, wherein the gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and mixtures thereof.
32. The system of claim 17, wherein the transition metal anode is a wire.
33. The system of claim 17, wherein the system is configured to recirculate the aqueous medium within or through the reaction chamber such that there is recirculating fluid flow at the discharge gap.
34. A system for producing solutions containing ultrafine metal particles, comprising:
a reaction chamber configured to retain an aqueous medium;
an aqueous medium disposed within the reaction chamber, wherein the aqueous medium is seeded with a predetermined amount of metallic particles;
a power source capable of controlling electric current;
a cathode and anode operably connected to the power source and submersed in the aqueous medium such that a discharge gap is present between the anode and the cathode; and
an aqueous medium management system operably connected to the reaction chamber and configured to maintain the concentration of the metallic particles in the aqueous medium within a predetermined range.
35. The system of claim 34, wherein the power source is a pulsing power source.
36. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source is a direct current power source.
37. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 2 kHz to about 30 kHz.
38. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 5 kHz to about 25 kHz.
39. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source has a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 20 kHz.
40. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source is configured to provide a pulse width of about 0.014 ms to about 0.14 ms.
41. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source is configured to provide a pulse width of about 0.014 ms to about 0.04 ms.
42. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source has a current of about 10 amps to about 75 amps.
43. The system of claim 34, wherein the pulsing power source has a current of about 6 amps to about 65 amps.
44. The system of claim 34, wherein the discharge gap has a distance of about 0.0001 inches to about 0.005 inches.
45. The system of claim 34, wherein the transition metal anode and transition metal cathode are comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, aluminum, silver, zinc, aluminum, cadmium, mercury, thallium, indium, gallium, copper, nickel, gold, rhodium, and iridium and alloys thereof.
46. The system of claim 34, wherein the system further includes a gas injector configured to flow gas across the discharge gap.
47. The system of claim 46, wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and mixtures thereof.
48. The system of claim 34, wherein the transition metal anode is a wire.
49. The system of claim 34, wherein the transition metal anode is a rod.
50. The system of claim 34, wherein the system further comprises a control unit configured to monitor and adjust the discharge gap in order to maintain the discharge gap within a predetermined range.
51. The system of claim 50, wherein adjusting is by moving at least one of the anode.
52. The system of claim 34, wherein the system is configured to recirculate the aqueous medium within or through the reaction chamber such that there is recirculating fluid flow at the discharge gap.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A device for detecting axis coplanarity of orthogonal rotary shafts having a built-in intersection, wherein a structure having the orthogonal rotary shaft having a built-in intersection includes a fixing bracket, a front assembly housing (1) and a rear assembly housing (3), the front assembly housing (1) fixedly mounted on the fixing bracket, a front assembly rotary body (2) coaxially connected on the front assembly housing (1), the front assembly rotary body (2) and the rear assembly housing (3) fixedly connected with each other, and the rear assembly rotary body (4) mounted in the rear assembly housing (3);
characterized in that: the measurement device comprises:
a first three dimension movement fine tuning mechanism (5) mounted at an end of the rear assembly rotary body (4), and connecting with a standard sphere (7) through a horizontally set connecting rod (6);
a second three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (8) vertically provided below the standard sphere (7), and provided with a first non-contact displacement sensor (a) at an end of the second three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (8) corresponding to the standard sphere (7); and
a third three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (9) provided corresponding to the horizontal direction of the standard sphere (7), and provided with a second non-contact displacement sensor (b) at an end of the third three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (9) corresponding to the standard sphere (7),
wherein the second three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (8) and the third three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (9) are fixedly mounted on the fixing bracket.
2. The device for detecting axis coplanarity of orthogonal rotary shafts having a built-in intersection according to claim 1, characterized in that: the center of the standard sphere (7), measuring heads of the first and second non-contact displacement sensors (a) and (b) are arranged in a plane containing the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4) and perpendicular to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2), wherein in a first detecting status, the measuring head of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) is parallel with the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4), and the measuring head of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) is perpendicular to the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4), the measuring heads of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and second non-contact displacement sensor (b) are aligned with the maximum radius of the standard sphere (7).
3. A precision detecting method for detecting axis coplanarity of orthogonal rotary shafts having a built-in intersection using the device for detecting axis coplanarity of orthogonal rotary shaft having a built-in intersection of claim 1, characterized in that: the detecting method is implemented through the following steps:
step 1: adjusting the first three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (5), so as to position the center of the standard sphere (7) in a plane containing the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4) and perpendicular to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2), and to enable the vertical distance from the center of the standard sphere (7) to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2) to be \u221a{square root over (2)} times the distance from the center of the standard sphere (7) to the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4);
step 2: adjusting the second three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (8) and the third three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (9), so as to position the measuring head of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and the measuring head of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) in a plane containing the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4) and perpendicular to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2), wherein the measuring head of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) is parallel with the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4), and the measuring head of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) is perpendicular to the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4);
step 3: adjusting the second three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (8) and the third three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (9), so as to align the measuring head of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and the measuring head of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) with the maximum radius of the standard sphere (7), while keeping the measuring heads of the first and second non-contact displacement sensors (a) and (b) in the plane containing the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4) and perpendicular to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2), wherein the measuring head of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) is parallel with the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4), and the measuring head of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) is perpendicular to the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4), so as to adjust the measuring device to a first detecting status;
step 4: reading the measurement value \u03b4a1 of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and the measurement value \u03b4b1 of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) under the first detecting status;
step 5: first, rotating the rear assembly rotary body (4) by 180\xb0, then rotating the front assembly rotary body (2) by 90\xb0, so as to adjust the detecting device to a second detecting status;
step 6: reading the measurement value \u03b4a2 of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and the measurement value \u03b4b2 of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) under the second detecting status;
step 7: comparing the measurement values under the first detecting status and second detecting status, so as to calculate the reading difference \u0394a of the first non-contact displacement sensor (a) and the reading difference \u0394b of the second non-contact displacement sensor (b) between the first detecting status and the second detecting status, wherein \u0394a=\u03b4a2\u2212\u03b4a1, \u0394b=\u03b4b2\u2212\u03b4b1; and
step 8: comparing \u0394a and \u0394b,
wherein when the difference between \u0394a and \u0394b is smaller than or equal to a preset value, the offset value e of the axis coplanarity of the orthogonal rotary shafts having a built-in intersection can be obtained through the following formula:
e=(\u0394a+\u0394b)2; and
when the difference between \u0394a and \u0394b is larger than the preset value, fine tuning the first three dimensional movement fine tuning mechanism (5) so as to slightly change the position of the center of the standard sphere (7), while keeping the center of the standard sphere (7) in the plane containing the rotary axis of the rear assembly rotary body (4) and perpendicular to the rotary axis of the front assembly rotary body (2), and rotating the rear assembly rotary body (4) by 180\xb0 first, then rotating the front assembly rotary body (2) by \u221290\xb0; and repeating steps 3-8, until \u0394a\u2248\u0394b.