1. A method for separating electroconductive materials from nonelectroconductive materials, the method comprising:
conveying a material to a separator, the material including the electroconductive materials and the nonelectroconductive materials;
generating an eddy current at the separator using a motor coupled to a magnetic support tube, the magnetic support having a plurality of magnets coupled thereto and having a length of about 1.5 meters;
operating the motor at a frequency of at least about 4,000 rotations per minute
inducing the eddy current in the electroconductive materials to transport the electroconductive materials away from the separator;
collecting the electroconductive materials in a first receptacle; and
collecting the nonelectroconductive materials in a second receptacle.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
separating the material according to size before conveying the material to the separator.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
operating the motor at a frequency of at least about 6,000 rotations per minute;
wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of about one meter.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
operating the motor at a frequency of at least about 3,000 rotations per minute, and
wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of at least about 2.5 meters.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of at least about 3 meters.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the electroconductive materials have a diameter less than about 10 millimeters.
7. A system for separating electroconductive materials from nonelectroconductive materials, comprising:
a conveyor for providing a material to a separator, the material including the electroconductive materials and the nonelectroconductive materials; and
the separator including:
a magnet support tube having a plurality of magnets coupled thereto;
a jacket tube housing the plurality of magnets, the jacket tube operable to contain the centrifugal forces of the plurality of magnets during rotation;
a first hub coupled to a first end of the magnet support tube;
a second hub coupled to a second end of the magnet support tube; and
a motor coupled to at least one of the first hub and the second hub, the motor rotating the magnet support tube and the plurality of magnets to generate an eddy current in the electroconductive materials conveyed proximate the separator and transport the electroconductive materials away from the separator.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the jacket tube has a negative allowance.
9. The system of claim 7, wherein the jacket tube comprises a titanium alloy.
10. The system of claim 7, further comprising:
a screen for segregating the material according to size.
11. The system of claim 7, wherein the magnet support tube has a natural frequency of about 28,000 rotations per minute.
12. The system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of magnets are arranged in a series of axial rows around the magnetic support tube.
13. The system of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of magnets in a same axial row have a same polar orientation and each of the plurality of magnets in an adjacent axial row have an opposite polar orientation.
14. The system of claim 7, wherein the motor operates at a frequency of at least about 6,000 rotations per minute; and
wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of about one meter.
15. The system of claim 7, wherein the motor operates at a frequency of at least about 4,000 rotations per minute, and
wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of about 1.5 meters.
16. The system of claim 7, wherein the motor operates at a frequency of at least about 3,000 rotations per minute, and
wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of at least about 2.5 meters.
17. The system of claim 7, wherein the electroconductive materials have a diameter less than about 10 millimeters.
18. The system of claim 7, further comprising:
a first receptacle for collecting the electroconductive materials, and
a second receptacle for collecting the nonelectroconductive materials.
19. A method for separating electroconductive materials from nonelectroconductive materials, the method comprising:
conveying a material to a separator, the material including the electroconductive materials and the nonelectroconductive materials;
generating an eddy current at the separator using a motor coupled to a magnetic support tube, the magnetic support having a plurality of magnets coupled thereto and having a length of about 2.5 meters;
operating the motor at a frequency of at least about 3,000 rotations per minute
inducing the eddy current in the electroconductive materials to transport the electroconductive materials away from the separator;
collecting the electroconductive materials in a first receptacle; and
collecting the nonelectroconductive materials in a second receptacle.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the magnetic support tube has a length of at least about 3 meters.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of reducing the traction coefficient of a lubricant composition comprising a basestock selected from API Group I fluids, API Group II fluids, API Group III fluids, esters, polyalkylene glycol, alkylated naphthalene, or poly alpha-olefins oligomerized from linear C5 to C14 alpha-olefins, the basestock having a viscosity of at least 100 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445), said method comprising blending a traction reducer in an amount in the range of 30 to 70 wt % based on the combined weight of said basestock wherein the traction coefficient of said lubricant composition is less than the traction coefficient of said basestock for every percent slide-roll ratio greater than or equal to 5, measured over the operating range of 0.1 to 3.5 GPa peak contact pressure, at \u221240\xb0 C. to 200\xb0 C. lubricant temperature, with a lubricant entraining velocity of from 0.25 to 10.0 ms, said traction reducer further characterized by being miscible with said basestock, selected from API Group V or a non API category hydrocarbon fluid and having a viscosity of less than or equal to 3 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said traction reducer is a monobasic acid ester.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said traction reducer is further characterized by a viscosity of less than or equal to 1.3 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said traction reducer is a hydrocarbon fluid selected from normal paraffins, isoparaffins, dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids, and aliphatic hydrocarbon fluids.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said traction reducer is added in an amount of at least 50 to 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of said basestock and said traction reducer.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the lubricant composition after said blending is characterized by having a traction coefficient at least 5% lower than the traction coefficient of said lubricant composition for every percent slide-roll ratio from 5 to 30.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after said blending, measuring an improvement in the energy efficiency of a gear system andor the fuel efficiency of a machine or apparatus comprising said gear system, said gear system lubricated by said lubricant composition including said traction reducer.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said basestock is selected from PAO 100, PAO 150, PAO 1000, and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said basestock includes PAO 150.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said basestock consists essentially of PAO 150.
11. A lubricating composition comprising:
(a) at least one basestock, said basestock characterized by having a viscosity of at least 100 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445), and selected from API Group I fluids, API Group II fluids, API Group III fluids, esters, polyalkylene glycol, alkylated naphthalene, or poly alpha-olefins oligomerized from linear C5 to C14 alpha-olefins;
(b) at least one traction reducer, said traction reducer characterized by being miscible with said basestock and having a viscosity of less than or equal to 3 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445) and having a traction coefficient less than the traction coefficient of the base stock described in (a);
wherein the at least one traction reducer (b) is present in the amount of 30 to 70 wt. %, based on the weight of said lubricating composition; and
wherein said lubricating composition is characterized by a traction coefficient less than the traction coefficient of the at least one basestock for every percent slide-to-roll ratio greater than 5%, measured over the operating range of 0.1 to 3.5 GPa peak contact pressure, \u221240\xb0 C. to 200\xb0 C. lubricant temperature, with a lubricant entraining velocity of from 0.25 to 10.0 ms;
said composition further characterized by one of the following:
(i) wherein (a) is selected from esters, PAGs, and alkylated naphthalenes; or
(ii) wherein (b) is selected from monobasic acid esters and (a) is not a PAO.
12. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein (a) and (b) combined comprise greater than 50 wt % of said lubricating composition.
13. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein said traction reducer is characterized by a viscosity of less than 1.3 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445).
14. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein said traction reducer is further characterized by having an average carbon number of C5-C30.
15. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein said traction reducer is characterized by having a viscosity less than 2 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445) and an average carbon number of C5-C30.
16. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein (a) is characterized by having a viscosity of greater than 140 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445).
17. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein (a) comprises at least one polyalphaolefin.
18. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein (b) is selected from at least one monobasic acid ester and (b) is present in the amount of at least 50 wt % based on the weight of (a) and (b).
19. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein (b) comprises at least one monobasic acid ester.
20. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein the \u221240\xb0 C. Brookfield viscosity is <150,000 cP and the \u221255\xb0 C. Brookfield viscosity is <1,000,000 cP (ASTM D-2983).
21. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, characterized by the absence of any VI improver having a molecular weight of about 100,000 or greater.
22. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein said lubricating composition is further characterized as formulated so as to be suitable for use as an automotive gear lubricating composition.
23. The lubricating composition according to claim 11, wherein said lubricating composition is further characterized by a traction coefficient of less than 0.15, measured over the operating range for determination of traction performance of 0.1 GPa to 3.5 GPa peak contact pressure, at \u221240\xb0 C. to 200\xb0 C. lubricant temperature and at % slide-to-roll ratios of greater than 20%, with a lubricant entraining velocity 0.25 ms to 10 ms.
24. The lubricating composition of claim 11, wherein (b) comprises a monobasic acid ester made by esterifying at least one alcohol selected from C8 to C10 alcohols and at least one acid selected from C5 to C7 carboxylic acids.
25. The lubricating composition of claim 11, wherein (b) comprises the pentanoic acid ester of C8 to C10 alcohols.
26. In an apparatus comprising roller or spherical bearings, hypoid axles or gears or worm gears in contact with a lubricating fluid, the improvement comprising a lubricating fluid characterized by:
(a) at least one basestock selected from API Group I fluids, API Group II fluids, API Group III fluids, esters, polyalkylene glycol, alkylated naphthalene, or poly alpha-olefins oligomerized from linear C5 to C14 alpha-olefins, said basestock characterized by having a viscosity of at least 100 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445);
(b) at least one traction reducer, said traction reducer characterized by being miscible with said basestock, selected from API Group V fluids or a non API category hydrocarbon fluid, and having a viscosity of less than or equal to 3 cSt at 100\xb0 C. (ASTM D-445) and having a traction coefficient less than the traction coefficient of the base stock described in (a);
wherein the at least one traction reducer (b) is present in the amount of 30 to 70 wt. %, based on the weight of said lubricating composition; and
wherein said lubricating composition is further characterized by a traction coefficient less than the traction coefficient of said at least one basestock (a) for every percent slide-to-roll ratio greater than 5%, measured over the operating range of 0.1 to 3.5 GPa peak contact pressure, \u221240\xb0 C. to 200\xb0 C. lubricant temperature, with a lubricant entraining velocity of from 0.25 to 10.0 ms.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said lubricating fluid is characterized by the composition according to claim 11.