1. A wireless electrostimulation system comprising:
a wireless energy transmission source, including an inductive antenna, configured to generate a time-varying magnetic flux;
a cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node sized and shaped to be implantable using a percutaneous transluminal catheter delivery system, the wireless electrostimulation node comprising:
a receiver circuit configured to capture at least enough inductively-coupled energy from the inductive antenna to generate a tissue electrostimulation, the receiver circuit comprising a mechanically-expandable inductive pickup configured to link the time-varying magnetic flux, the inductive pickup comprising a core material including a relative magnetic permeability less than 1. 1; and
a tissue electrostimulation circuit, coupled to the receiver circuit, configured to deliver energy captured by the receiver circuit as a specified tissue electrostimulation waveform, the tissue electrostimulation circuit comprising at least one tissue electrostimulation electrode; and
a therapy control unit, commnunicatively coupled to the tissue electrostimulation node and configured to initiate a delivery of a tissue electrostimulation by the tissue electrostimulation electrode.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node is configured and sized for intravascular delivery.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the receiver circuit comprises:
an energy storage device configured to store inductively-coupled energy transferred by the time-varying magnetic flux;
wherein the energy storage device is configured to store at most 1 milliJoule of energy; and
wherein the tissue electrostimulation is inhibited by a depletion of the energy storage device no more than 1 minute after the termination of the inductively-coupled energy transfer.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the tissue electrostimulation circuit comprises:
a rectifier, coupled between the receiver circuit and the tissue stimulation electrode;
a direct-current blocking device, coupled between the tissue electrostimulation electrode and the receiver circuit;
wherein the at least one tissue electrostimulation electrode comprises a cathode configured to be coupled to cardiac tissue;
wherein the at least one tissue electrostimulation electrode comprises an anode configured to be coupled to cardiac tissue; and
wherein the tissue electrostimulation circuit is configured to be capable of generating, between the anode and the cathode, an electrostimulation pulse of at least 2.5V peak amplitude at a pulse width of 0.4 msec when coupled to a 500 Ohm equivalent load.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node comprises:
a mechanically-expandable inductive pickup comprising:
an insulated wire loop; and
an expandable mechanical support comprising a loop of shape-memory material mechanically coupled to the insulated wire loop, wherein at least a portion of the loop of shape-memory material is non-conductive;
a housing comprising:
a receiver circuit electrical charge storage device conductively coupled to the insulated wire loop; and
the tissue electrostimulation circuit;
wherein the housing is disposed within a space encompassed by the loop of shape-memory material; and
a strut, comprised of shape-memory material, configured to secure the loop of shape-memory material to the cylindrical housing.
6. The system of claim 5, comprising a bio-compatible dielectric encapsulant configured to encompass at least a portion of the inductive pickup.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the wireless energy transmission source is configured to vary a burst pulse duration of the time-varying magnetic flux, wherein the tissue electrostimulation circuit comprises a voltage clamping device coupled to the output of the rectifier, and wherein an energy content of the electrostimulation pulse is controlled by the burst pulse duration when a voltage across the voltage clamping device is substantially equal to or greater than a voltage clamping device threshold voltage.
8. The system of claim 5, wherein the inductive pickup is configured for a maximum outside diameter, when expanded, of less than or equal to 2 cm;
wherein the housing comprises a cylindrical diameter less than or equal to 2 mm, and a length less than or equal to 5 mm; and
wherein a total length of the cylindrical housing and the cardiac tissue attachment mechanism is less than or equal to a nominal minimum myocardial tissue wall thickness of 10 mm.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the wireless energy transmission source is configured to generate the time-varying magnetic flux at a specified receiver resonant frequency within a range of frequencies from 500 kilohertz to 5 megahertz, inclusive; and wherein the wireless energy transmission source is configured to deliver the inductively coupled energy at a power coupling efficiency of at least 1%.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the wireless energy transmission source and the therapy control unit are both configured to be located external to a patient’s body containing the wireless electrostimulation node.
11. The system of claim 1, comprising a battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit that includes the wireless energy transmission source and the therapy control unit.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the wireless energy transmission source comprises:
an implantable flexible lead comprising:
a distal end configured to be located near the implantable wireless electrostimulation node;
a proximal end configured to be located at or near a housing of the battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit;
at least two antenna feed conductors disposed internally to the lead and conductively coupled to the housing of the battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit; and
the inductive antenna disposed at the distal end of the lead, and conductively coupled to the at least two antenna feed conductors at the distal end of the lead; and
the therapy control unit configured to energize the at least two antenna feed conductors.
13. A method, comprising:
delivering a cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node to an intra-body location;
expanding a wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup;
generating a time-varying magnetic flux;
linking the time-varying magnetic flux to the wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup;
configuring a wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup wire loop with a core material of a relative magnetic permeability less than 1. 1;
capturing at least enough inductively-coupled energy to deliver a tissue electrostimulation;
controlling the initiation of the delivery of a specified tissue electrostimulation waveform; and
delivering a specified tissue electrostimulation waveform in response to an initiation.
14. The method of claim 13, comprising:
delivering a cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node through a vascular path to an intra-body location.
15. The method of claim 13, comprising:
storing the inductively-coupled energy within an energy storage device included in the wireless electrostimulation node;
inhibiting the storage of more than 1 milliJoule of energy within the energy storage device;
terminating the time-varying magnetic flux;
depleting the energy storage device; and
inhibiting the delivery of the tissue electrostimulation more than 1 minute after the termination of the time-varying magnetic flux in response to the depleting the energy storage device.
16. The method of claim 13, comprising:
rectifying the time-varying magnetic flux;
coupling a cathode to cardiac tissue;
coupling an anode to cardiac tissue;
generating, between the anode and the cathode, an electrostimulation pulse of at least 2.5V peak amplitude at a pulse width of 0.4 msec when coupled to a 500 Ohm equivalent load; and
blocking the passage of direct-current between a tissue stimulation electrode and a receiver circuit.
17. The method of claim 16, comprising:
insulating the inductive pickup wire loop;
coupling the inductive pickup wire loop to a shape-memory mechanical support mechanically;
expanding the shape-memory expandable mechanical support to a specified loop shape proximate to a cardiac tissue wall;
forming a non-conductive portion along the circumference of the shape-memory expandable mechanical support;
coupling the shape-memory mechanical support to a cylindrical housing mechanically; and
disposing the cylindrical housing within a space encompassed by the shape-memory mechanical support.
18. The method of claim 17, comprising:
encompassing at least a portion of the inductive pickup with a bio-compatible dielectric encapsulant.
19. The method of claim 17, comprising:
varying a burst pulse duration of the time-varying magnetic flux;
clamping a voltage developed by the rectifying the time-varying magnetic flux; and
controlling an energy content of the electrostimulation pulse, via the varying of the burst pulse duration of the time-varying magnetic flux, when a voltage across a voltage clamping device is substantially equal to or greater than a voltage clamping device threshold voltage.
20. The method of claim 17, comprising:
expanding the inductive pickup to a maximum outside diameter, when expanded, of less than or equal to 2 cm;
limiting the cylindrical housing to a diameter less than or equal to 2 mm;
limiting the cylindrical housing to a length less than or equal to 5 mm; and
limiting a total length of the cylindrical housing and a cardiac tissue attachment mechanism to less than or equal to a nominal minimum myocardial tissue wall thickness of 10 mm.
21. The method of claim 13, comprising:
generating the time-varying magnetic flux at a specified receiver resonant frequency within a range of frequencies from 500 kilohertz to 5 megahertz, inclusive; and
transferring the inductively-coupled energy at a power coupling efficiency of at least 1%.
22. The method of claim 13, comprising:
generating the time-varying magnetic flux from a location external to a patient’s body; and
initiating a tissue electrostimulation from a location external to the patient’s body.
23. The method of claim 13, comprising:
delivering a battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit to an intra-body location;
conductively coupling an inductive antenna to the implantable cardiac rhythm management device;
generating the time-varying magnetic flux using the inductive antenna; and
initiating a tissue electrostimulation using the implantable cardiac rhythm management unit.
24. The method of claim 23, comprising:
locating a distal end of an implantable flexible lead near to the implantable wireless electrostimulation node;
mechanically coupling the inductive antenna to the distal end of the implantable flexible lead;
locating a proximal end of the cardiovascular implantable flexible lead at or near to a housing of the battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit therapy control unit;
locating at least two antenna feed conductors within the implantable flexible lead;
conductively coupling the at least two antenna feed conductors from the battery-powered implantable cardiac rhythm management unit therapy control unit housing to the inductive antenna; and
energizing the at least two antenna feed conductors.
25. A system comprising:
means for delivering a cardiovascular wireless electrostimulation node to an intra-body location;
means for expanding a wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup;
means for generating a time-varying magnetic flux;
means for linking the time-varying magnetic flux to the wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup;
means for surrounding a wireless electrostimulation node inductive pickup wire loop with a material of a relative magnetic permeability less than 1.1;
means for capturing at least enough inductively-coupled energy to deliver a tissue electrostimulation;
means for controlling the initiation of the delivery of a specified tissue electrostimulation waveform; and
means for delivering a specified tissue electrostimulation waveform in response to an initiation.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method to optimize object code, comprising:
processing source code including an array of elements referenced using at least two indices, wherein the array is nested within multiple loops, wherein at least two of the loops perform iterations with respect to the indices of the array, wherein the index incremented in at least one innermost loop of the loops does not comprise a leftmost index in the array; and
transforming the source code to object code by performing operations, including:
fusing at least two innermost loops of the loops in object code generated by compiling the source code by replicating statements from at least one of the innermost loops into a fused innermost loop; and
performing loop interchange in the object code to have the fused innermost loop provide iterations with respect to the leftmost index in the array.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the loops represented in the source code are coded to access elements of the array in memory at non-contiguous locations in the memory and wherein following the loop interchange in the object code, the elements of the array are accessed contiguously in memory, wherein the innermost loops in the source code include multiple arrays having indices, wherein the leftmost index of the arrays are not incremented in the innermost loops of the source code.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
parallelizing an outer loop in the object code following the loop interchange without data dependency.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the source code includes at least one statement including at least one one-dimensional array within the at least one innermost loop that prevents parallelization on the outer loop and includes multiple innermost loops having different trip counts, further comprising:
transforming the source code by performing array contraction to transform the one dimensional array that inhibits parallelization to a scalar variable.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least two of the innermost loops fused have a constant trip count difference known at compile time.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the array contraction is performed before performing the loop interchange.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two innermost loops are fused into the fused innermost loop before performing the loop interchange.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusing of the at least two innermost loops comprises:
determining one of the innermost loops having a least number of iterations of the innermost loops;
determining at least one of the innermost loops not having a least number of iterations;
for each of the innermost loops determined to not have the least number of iterations, replicating statements in the fused innermost by a difference of loop trip counts with the innermost loop that has the least number of iterations.
9. A system to optimize object code that accesses data in an array from a memory device, comprising:
a processor; and
a computer readable storage media including a program executed by the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising:
processing source code including an array of elements referenced using at least two indices, wherein the array is nested within multiple loops, wherein at least two of the loops perform iterations with respect to the indices of the array, wherein the index incremented in at least one innermost loop of the loops does not comprise a leftmost index in the array; and
transforming the source code to object code by performing operations, including:
fusing at least two innermost loops of the loops in object code generated by compiling the source code by replicating statements from at least one of the innermost loops into a fused innermost loop; and
performing loop interchange in the object code to have the fused innermost loop provide iterations with respect to the leftmost index in the array.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the loops represented in the source code are coded to access elements of the array in the memory device at non-contiguous locations in the memory and wherein following the loop interchange in the object code, the elements of the array are accessed contiguously in the memory device, wherein the innermost loops in the source code include multiple arrays having indices, wherein the leftmost index of the arrays are not incremented in the innermost loops of the source code.
11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise:
parallelizing an outer loop in the object code following the loop interchange without data dependency.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the source code includes at least one statement including at least one one-dimensional array within the at least one innermost loop that prevents parallelization on the outer loop and includes multiple innermost loops having different trip counts, wherein the operations further comprise:
transforming the source code by performing array contraction to transform the one dimensional array that inhibits parallelization to a scalar variable.
13. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least two innermost loops are fused into the fused innermost loop before performing the loop interchange.
14. The system of claim 9, wherein the fusing of the at least two innermost loops comprises:
determining one of the innermost loops having a least number of iterations of the innermost loops;
determining at least one of the innermost loops not having a least number of iterations;
for each of the innermost loops determined to not have the least number of iterations, replicating statements in the fused innermost by a difference of loop trip counts with the innermost loop that has the least number of iterations.
15. An article of manufacture including a program to optimize object code that accesses data in an array from a memory device, wherein the program is executed to perform operations, the operations comprising:
processing source code including an array of elements referenced using at least two indices, wherein the array is nested within multiple loops, wherein at least two of the loops perform iterations with respect to the indices of the array, wherein the index incremented in at least one innermost loop of the loops does not comprise a leftmost index in the array; and
transforming the source code to object code by performing operations, including:
fusing at least two innermost loops of the loops in object code generated by compiling the source code by replicating statements from at least one of the innermost loops into a fused innermost loop; and
performing loop interchange in the object code to have the fused innermost loop provide iterations with respect to the leftmost index in the array.
16. The article of manufacture of claim 15, wherein the loops represented in the source code are coded to access elements of the array in memory at non-contiguous locations in the memory and wherein following the loop interchange in the object code, the elements of the array are accessed contiguously in memory, wherein the innermost loops in the source code include multiple arrays having indices, wherein the leftmost index of the arrays are not incremented in the innermost loops of the source code.
17. The article of manufacture of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise:
parallelizing an outer loop in the object code following the loop interchange without data dependency.
18. The article of manufacture of claim 17, wherein the source code includes at least one statement including at least one one-dimensional array within the at least one innermost loop that prevents parallelization on the outer loop and includes multiple innermost loops having different trip counts, wherein the operations further comprise:
transforming the source code by performing array contraction to transform the one dimensional array that inhibits parallelization to a scalar variable.
19. The article of manufacture of claim 15, wherein the at least two innermost loops are fused into the fused innermost loop before performing the loop interchange.
20. The article of manufacture of claim 15, wherein the fusing of the at least two innermost loops comprises:
determining one of the innermost loops having a least number of iterations of the innermost loops;
determining at least one of the innermost loops not having a least number of iterations; for each of the innermost loops determined to not have the least number of iterations, replicating statements in the fused innermost by a difference of loop trip counts with the innermost loop that has the least number of iterations.