1. A reflective optical circulator having an optical element unit, said optical element unit comprising: a first polarization separating element, a non-reciprocal polarization plane rotating element having a rotation angle of 45\xb0, a phase element for rotating a polarization plane of an incident light by 90\xb0, and a second polarization separating element,
wherein a light incidenceemission unit where at least three waveguides are arrayed is disposed at one end side of the optical element unit, and a lens and a reflector are disposed at a side opposite to the light incidenceemission unit with the optical element unit interposed between the light incidenceemission unit and both the lens and the reflector,
wherein the first polarization separating element, the polarization plane rotating element, the phase element, and the second polarization separating element are sequentially disposed from the side of the light incidenceemission unit,
wherein all the waveguides are disposed at an equivalent distance from a central point of diagonal lines connecting central axes of the waveguides,
wherein directions of crystal axes on optical planes of the first and second polarization separating elements are different from each other by 45\xb0,
wherein a shift amount of an extraordinary ray in the second polarization separating element is set to be larger than a shift amount of an extraordinary ray in the first polarization separating element,
wherein a direction of the rotation angle of the polarization plane rotating element is set to be counterclockwise as seen from the light incidenceemission unit,
wherein the phase element is constructed with two phase optical elements which are a first phase optical element and a second phase optical element, a size of each phase optical element is set so that only one polarization component among two polarization components of a ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray separated by the first polarization separating element can transmit through, and each of the phase optical elements is disposed so that only one polarization component can transmit through the two phase optical elements,
wherein, among the two polarization components separated by the first polarization separating element, the polarization component that becomes an extraordinary ray at the time of transmitting through the first polarization separating element transmits through the first phase optical element after the two polarization components are reflected by the reflector, and the polarization component that emitted from the light incidenceemission unit to the first polarization separating element becomes a ordinary ray at the time of transmitting through the first polarization separating element transmits through the second phase optical element,
wherein a size of the second polarization separating element is set so that the light emitted from the light incidenceemission unit and reflected by the reflector transmits through only one among the going path and the returning path of the optical path of light reciprocating the optical element unit,
wherein the two polarization components are reflected by the reflector with a point symmetry,
wherein a reflection point of the reflector and an optical axis of the lens are located along the same line in a propagation direction of light, and the central point of the diagonal lines connecting the central axes of the waveguides and the optical axis of the lens are not located along the same line, and
wherein the second polarization separating element is disposed so that a light in the forward direction is incident on the second polarization separating element before being reflected by the reflector.
2. The reflective optical circulator according to claim 1, wherein the reflector is a concave mirror.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for preparing an amorphous form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient comprising:
a) providing a chamber having a pressure of less than about 760 mmHg and a temperature of less than about 100\xb0 C., wherein the chamber has a stirrer and an inlet;
b) feeding a solution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient having a concentration of more than about 20 mm %, at a flow rate of about 10 to about 50 cm3hourinlet to obtain amorphous form as a sponge or a solid; and
c) stirring the sponge or solid with the stirrer to obtain an amorphous powder.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is about 20\xb0 C. to about 80\xb0 C.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is about 25\xb0 C. to about 45\xb0 C.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the pressure is less than about 100 mmHg.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein the pressure is less than about 50 mmHg.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the pressure is less than about 20 mmHg.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises an organic solvent.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: C1 to C4 alcohols, C3 to C7 ketones, C3 to C7 esters, C5 to C7 straight, branched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbons, C2 to C8 ethers, and mixtures thereof.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the alcohol is methanol or ethanol.
10. The process of claim 8, wherein the ketone is acetone.
11. The process of claim 8, wherein the saturated hydrocarbon is heptane or hexane.
12. The process of claim 8, wherein the ester is ethylacetate.
13. The process of claim 8, wherein the ether is diethylether or methyl isobutylether.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is in an aqueous solvent.
15. The process of claim 7, wherein the organic solvent contains less than about 20% water.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is saturated.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein the concentration is from about 20 mm % to about 80 mm %.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the solution has a concentration of about 60 mm % to about 75 mm %.
19. The process of claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is in the form of a free base, a free acid, an ester or a salt.
20. The process of claim 19, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of mupirocin calcium and montelukast sodium.
21. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is fed with an inlet that is less than about 3 mm in diameter.
22. The process of claim 21, wherein the solution is fed with an inlet that is less than about 2 mm in diameter.
23. The process of claim 1, wherein the feeding is carried out by a pump, pressure from another tank, vacuum in the drying chamber or pressure from syringe device.
24. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is fed dropwise.
25. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is fed in a continuous stream.
26. The process of claim 1, wherein a small leak of an inert gas flows to the chamber.
27. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution is fed at top of the chamber, and solidification takes place before the solution reaches bottom of the chamber.
28. The process of claim 1, wherein the chamber further has an outlet for discharge of the powder.
29. The process of claim 1, further comprising drying the powder under a pressure of less than about 100 mmHg.
30. The process of claim 29, wherein the drying is at a temperature of about 30\xb0 C. to about 50\xb0 C.
31. The process of claim 1, wherein the process results in less than about 5% crystalline material as area percentage XRD.
32. The process of claim 31, wherein the process results in less than about 3% crystalline material as area percentage XRD.
33. The process of claim 32, wherein the process results in less than about 1% crystalline material as area percentage XRD.