1. A method for embedding additional information into an input audio signal and outputting an output audio signal having the embedded additional information, the method comprising the steps of:
orthogonally transforming the input audio signal to generate a plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients;
damping and shifting a predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients selected from the plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients by damping the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients by a predetermined amount and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal coefficients by a predetermined number of units in the direction of the frequency axis;
adding the damped and shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the original orthogonal transform coefficients to form an output audio signal, the added damped and shifted orthogonal coefficients comprising the embedded additional information; and
outputting the output audio signal having the embedded additional information.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein orthogonally transforming the input audio signal includes carrying out a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) of the audio signal to calculate MDCT coefficients, and wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes damping and shifting the calculated MDCT coefficients in the direction of the frequency axis and adding the damped and shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients, the added damped and shifted MDCT coefficients comprising the embedded additional information.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes carrying out the shift and addition of the MDCT coefficients within a predetermined frequency band.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes shifting the MDCT coefficients toward the frequency-increasing side and adding the shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes increasing the frequency of the MDCT coefficients by ((sampling frequencynumber of samples of MDCT coefficient)\xd72N) Hz, as the MDCT coefficients are shifted by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the amplitude of the MDCT coefficients is substantially equal to the amplitude of the input audio signal.
7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes shifting the MDCT coefficients toward the frequency-decreasing side and adding the shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes decreasing the frequency of the MDCT coefficients by ((sampling frequencynumber of samples of MDCT coefficient)\xd72N) Hz, as the MDCT coefficients is shifted by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the amplitude of the MDCT coefficients is substantially equal to the amplitude of the input audio signal.
10. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes shifting the MDCT coefficients by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
11. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes shifting the MDCT coefficient by 2N\u22121 units (where N is a natural number).
12. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes adding the shifted MDCT coefficients within a critical band of a frequency masking area of the MDCT coefficients of the original input audio signal.
13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes adding the orthogonal transform coefficients shifted on the frequency axis to the original orthogonal transform coefficients so that a frequency masking condition and a temporal masking condition are met.
14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes carrying out the addition when the value obtained by adding the shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the value of the original orthogonal transform coefficients is not higher than a predetermined value.
15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes prohibiting the shift and addition in accordance with the polarity of the value obtained by adding the shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the value of the original orthogonal transform coefficients.
16. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes carrying out the shift and addition when the input audio signal falls within a range from an upper limit value to a lower limit value.
17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes carrying out the shift and addition when the input audio signal falls within a range from an upper limit value to a lower limit value set on the basis of the human auditory characteristics.
18. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes carrying out the shift and addition of the orthogonal transform coefficients within a predetermined frequency band.
19. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes dividing the frequency band of the input audio signal and carrying out shift and addition for each of the divided frequency bands.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein damping and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients includes reversing the shifting direction of the divided adjacent frequency bands.
21. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising scrambling the output audio signal using a pseudo-random signal.
22. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the embedded additional information comprises limitation information for prohibiting the transfer of the input audio signal.
23. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the embedded additional information comprises limitation information for prohibiting recording of the input audio signal to a recording medium.
24. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the embedded additional information comprises work data corresponding to the input audio signal.
25. A device for embedding additional information into an input audio signal and outputting an output audio signal having the embedded additional information, the device comprising:
orthogonal transform means for orthogonally transforming the input audio signal to generate a plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients;
shift and addition means for damping and shifting a predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients selected from said plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients by damping the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients by a predetermined amount and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal coefficients by a predetermined number of units in the direction of the frequency axis and adding the damped and shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the original orthogonal transform coefficients to form the output audio signal, the added damped and shifted orthogonal coefficients comprising the embedded additional information; and
output means for outputting the output audio signal having embedded additional information.
26. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the orthogonal transform means carries out a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) of the audio signal to calculate MDCT coefficients, and wherein the shift and addition means damps and shifts the calculated MDCT coefficients in the direction of the frequency axis and adds the damped and shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients, the added damped and shifted MDCT coefficients comprising the embedded additional information.
27. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means carries out the shift and addition of the MDCT coefficients within a predetermined frequency band.
28. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means shifts the MDCT coefficients toward the frequency-increasing side and adds the shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients.
29. The device as claimed in claim 28, wherein at the shift and addition means, the frequency of the MDCT coefficients is increased by ((sampling frequencynumber of samples of MDCT coefficient)\xd72N) Hz, as the MDCT coefficients are shifted by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
30. The device as claimed in claim 29, wherein at the shift and addition means, the amplitude of the MDCT coefficients is substantially equal to the amplitude of the input audio signal.
31. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means shifts the MDCT coefficients toward the frequency-decreasing side and adds the shifted MDCT coefficients to the original MDCT coefficients.
32. The device as claimed in claim 31, wherein at the shift and addition means, the frequency of the MDCT coefficients is decreased by ((sampling frequencynumber of samples of MDCT coefficient)\xd72N) Hz, as the MDCT coefficients is shifted by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
33. The device as claimed in claim 32, wherein at the shift and addition means, the amplitude of the MDCT coefficients is substantially equal to the amplitude of the input audio signal.
34. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means shifts the MDCT coefficients by 2N units (where N is a natural number).
35. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means shifts the MDCT coefficients by 2N\u22121 units (where N is a natural number).
36. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the shift and addition means adds the shifted MDCT coefficients within a critical band of a frequency masking area of the MDCT coefficients of the original input audio signal.
37. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means adds the orthogonal transform coefficients shifted on the frequency axis to the original orthogonal transform coefficients so that a frequency masking condition and a temporal masking condition are met.
38. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means carries out the addition when the value obtained by adding the shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the value of the original orthogonal transform coefficients is not higher than a predetermined value.
39. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means prohibits the shift and addition in accordance with the polarity of the value obtained by adding the shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the value of the original orthogonal transform coefficients.
40. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means carries out the shift and addition when the input audio signal falls within a range from an upper limit value to a lower limit value.
41. The device as claimed in claim 40, wherein the shift and addition means carries out the shift and addition when the input audio signal falls within a range from an upper limit value to a lower limit value set on the basis of the human auditory characteristics.
42. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means carries out the shift and addition of the orthogonal transform coefficients within a predetermined frequency band.
43. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the shift and addition means divides the frequency band of the input audio signal and carries out shift and addition for each of the divided frequency bands.
44. The device as claimed in claim 43, wherein the shift and addition means reverses the shifting direction of the divided adjacent frequency bands.
45. The device as claimed in claim 25, further comprising means for scrambling the output audio signal using a pseudo-random signal.
46. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the orthogonal transform means and the shift and addition means are integrally formed in a single circuit.
47. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the embedded additional information comprises limitation information for prohibiting transfer of the input audio signal.
48. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the embedded additional information is limitation information for prohibiting recording of the input audio signal to a recording medium.
49. The device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the embedded additional information is work data corresponding to the input audio signal.
50. A method for demodulating embedded additional information in a received audio signal, the embedded additional information generated by performing an inverse orthogonal transform on a predetermined number of a plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients generated by orthogonally transforming the audio signal, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information, the additional information embedded by damping and shifting a predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients selected from the plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients by damping the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients by a predetermined amount and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal coefficients by a predetermined number of units in the direction of the frequency axis and adding the damped and shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the audio signal on the original frequency axis;
demodulation step of demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis; and
outputting the demodulated embedded additional information.
51. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the step of receiving the audio signal includes receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information, the additional information embedded by damping and shifting in the direction of the frequency axis modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coefficient calculated by performing an MDCT on the audio signal and adding the damped and shifted MDCT coefficient to the original MDCT coefficient.
52. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the step of receiving the audio signal includes receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information, the additional information embedded by AM modulation, and wherein the demodulation step includes demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
53. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the step of receiving the audio signal includes receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information by FM modulation, and wherein the demodulation step includes demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
54. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the step of receiving the audio signal includes receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information by Hilbert conversion, and wherein the demodulation step includes demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
55. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the step of demodulating includes demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis within a predetermined frequency band.
56. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the embedded additional information comprises control information for prohibiting transfer of the received audio signal.
57. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the embedded additional information comprises control information for prohibiting recording of the received audio signal to a recording medium.
58. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the embedded additional information comprises work data corresponding to the received audio signal.
59. A device for demodulating embedded additional information in a received audio signal the embedded additional information generated by performing an inverse orthogonal transform on a predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients generated by orthogonally transforming the audio signal the device comprising:
receiving means for receiving the audio signal having embedded additional information, the additional information embedded by damping and shifting a predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients selected from the plurality of orthogonal transform coefficients by damping the predetermined number of orthogonal transform coefficients by a predetermined amount and shifting the predetermined number of orthogonal coefficients by a predetermined number of units in the direction of the frequency axis and adding the damped and shifted orthogonal transform coefficients to the audio signal on the original frequency axis;
demodulation means for demodulating the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis; and
an outputting means for outputting the demodulated embedded additional information.
60. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the receiving means receives the audio signal having embedded additional information, the embedded additional information embedded by damping and shifting in the direction of the frequency axis a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coefficient calculated by performing an MDCT on the audio signal and adding the damped and shifted MDCT coefficient to the original MDCT coefficient.
61. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the receiving means receives receiving the audio signal having embedded information, the additional information embedded by AM modulation, and wherein the demodulation means demodulates the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
62. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the receiving means receives the audio signal having embedded additional information embedded by FM modulation, and wherein the demodulation means demodulates the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
63. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the receiving means receives the audio signal having embedded additional information embedded by Hilbert conversion, and wherein the demodulation means demodulates the embedded additional information the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis.
64. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the demodulation means demodulates the embedded additional information on the basis of the polarity of the received audio signal at predetermined intervals on the frequency axis within a predetermined frequency band of the received audio signal.
65. The device as claimed in claim 59, wherein the embedded additional information comprises control information for prohibiting transfer of the received audio signal.
66. The method as claimed in claim 59, wherein the embedded additional information comprises control information for prohibiting recording of the received audio signal to a recording medium.
67. The method as claimed in claim 59, wherein the embedded additional information comprises work data corresponding to the received audio signal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
We claim:
1. An isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising SEQ.ID.NO. 2 or a variant at least 70% homologous thereto.
2. The sequences of claim 1 wherein the sequence is at least 80% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.2.
3. The sequences of claim 1 wherein the sequence is at least 90% homologous to SEQ.ED.NO.2.
4. The polynucleotide of claim 1 comprising, SEQ.ID.NO.7 or a variant at least 70% homologous thereto.
5. The sequences of claim 4 wherein the sequence comprises a variant at least 80% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.7.
6. The sequences of claim 4 wherein the sequence comprises a variant at least 90% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.7.
7. The polynucleotide of claim 1 comprising SEQ.ID.NO.5 or a variant at least 70% homologous thereto.
8. The sequences of claim 7 wherein the sequence is at least 80% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.5.
9. The sequences of claim 7 wherein the sequence is at least 90% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.5.
10. An isolated polynucleotide sequence, said sequence comprising at least 45 nucleotides, said sequence having at least two Dof elements which individually may be in a forward or inverted orientation;
each said Dof element having a sequence NNNWAAAGNNN, wlerein N is A, T, G, or, C, and, W is A or T;
said Dof elements being separated from each other by between 10 and 20 nucleotides;
said sequence also having a TATA box located between 15 and 25 nucleotides in the 3 direction of the closest Dof element.
11. The polynucleotide of claim 10 wherein one Dof element has the sequence NNNWAAAGNNN and the other has the sequence NNNCTTTWNNN.
12. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 10 wherein the most 5 Dof element sequence is CTCTCTTTAAT, the next Dof element sequence is TTTTAAAGGTT and the TATA box sequence is TACAATAAATA or TATAWAWA, wherein W is A or T.
13. The polynucleotide of claim 10 wherein said polynucleotide is at least 80% homologous to a continuous region of SEQ.ID.NO.2 having the same number of nucleotides.
14. An isolated polynucleotide sequence useful in reducing expression Of a downstream gene, said polynucleotide sequence comprising two copies of a DNA region at least 70% homologous to a portion of substantially equal length located between nucleotides 361 and 639 of SEQ.ID.NO.1, said copies being separated by between 0 and 100 nucleotides.
15. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 14 wherein the copies are at least 80% homologous to the portion.
16. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 14, wherein the copies are at least 90% homologous to the portion.
17. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 14 wherein the copies are separated by between 0 and 50 nucleotides.
18. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 14 wherein the copies are separated by between 0 and 20 nucleotides.
19. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 17, wherein the copies are at least 80% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.19.
20. The polynucleotide sequence of claim 17, wherein the copies are at least 90% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.19.
21. An isolated polynucleotide sequence useful in increasing expression of a downstream gene, said polynucleotide containing a region of between 100 and 225 nucleotides, said region being at least 70% homologous to a portion of SEQ.ID.NO.20 located between nucleotides 642 and 867 and being of substantially the same length as said region.
22. The polynucleotide of claim 21 wherein said region has at least 80% homology to the portion.
23. The polynucleotide of claim 21 wherein said region contains at least 150 nucleotides and has at least 90% homology to the portion.
24. A method of obtaining expression of a gene of interest in root tissue, comprising:
a) obtaining the gene of interest
b) generating a nucleotide construct having a promoter including SEQ.ID.NO.2 or a variant thereof located upstream of and proximal to the gene of interest;
c) introducing the construct into a plant cell in an expressible manner; and
d) generating root tissue from the plant cell.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the nucleotide construct also contains a second sequence of between 10 and 12 nucleotides, said sequence being at least 80% homologous to SEQ.ID.NO.17; said sequence being positioned between 50 and 350 nucleotides on the 5 side of SEQ.ID.NO.2 or the variant thereof.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein the expression is root-preferential expression.
27. The method of claim 24 wherein the gene of interest is an antifungal gene, a gene involved in nitrogen fixation, a gene related to drought or salt tolerance, or a gene involved in potassium or sodium transport or metabolism.
28. A transgenic plant cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from at least one of the sequences of claim 1 or claim 10.
29. The cell of claim 28 wherein the polynucleotide sequence is the polynucleotide sequence of claim 12.
30. A transgenic plant comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from at least one of the sequence of claim 1 or claim 10.
31. The plant of claim 30 wherein the plant is an angiosperm.
32. The plant of claim 30 wherein the plant is a gymnosperm.
33. The plant of claim 30 wherein the sequence of claim 1 or claim 10 is located upstream from and adjacent to a gene not normally found in that location in the genome.
34. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene is an antifungal gene.
35. The plant of claim 34 wherein the gene encodes an antifungal peptide from the group consisting of luffacylin, ascalin, and western white pine 10 kDa protein.
36. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene is a gene related to nitrogen fixation.
37. The plant of claim 36 wherein the gene encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of nitrate transporter proteins, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamate synthase, and ammonium transporter proteins.
38. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene encodes a product involved in drought or salt tolerance in root.
39. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene encodes a product involved in nutrient uptake or metabolism in root.
40. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene encodes an antigen useful as an edible vaccine.
41. The plant of claim 40 wherein the plant is a carrot or potato.
42. The plant of claim 33 wherein the gene encodes a pest-deterrant.
43. An isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising a region of at least 100 contiguous nucleotides, said region being at least 70% homologous to a 100 bp region SEQ.ID.NO.21 or SEQ.ID.NO.22.
44. The polynucleotide of claim 43 wherein said polynucleotide is at least 80% homologous to a region of SEQ.ID.NO.21 or SEQ.ID.NO.22 or a variant thereof of the same length.
45. The polynucleotide of claim 43 wherein said polynucleotide contains between 100 and 200 nucleotides.
46. A transgenic plant seed comprising at least one polynucleotide selected from the polynucleotide of claim 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 42 or 41.