1. A device for examining the optical properties of surfaces comprising:
at least one first radiation means emitting radiation to a surface to be examined at least at a first predetermined spatial angle;
at least one first detector means for capturing the radiation emitted to and reflected back from the surface wherein said detector means, allowing a local resolution of detected radiation, is positioned at least at a second predetermined spatial angle relative to said surface;
wherein at least one spatial angle at which said radiation means andor said detector means are positioned, is variable;
and wherein the radiation means and the detector means are positioned in a space at least part of which exhibits light-reflecting properties.
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first detector means comprises a preferably plane image-capturing component which allows a local resolution of detected radiation.
3. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first detector means does not allow a local resolution of detected radiation.
4. The device according to claim 1 wherein said first spatial subangle \u03b11, at which said first radiation means is positioned relative to the surface to be examined, is variable.
5. The device according to claim 1 wherein said first spatial subangle \u03b12, at which said first detector means is positioned relative to the surface to be examined, is variable.
6. The device according to claim 1 wherein said first spatial subangle \u03b11 andor \u03b12 is variable in the range of 0\xb0 to 360\xb0, preferably from 0\xb0 to 180\xb0.
7. The device according to claim 1 wherein a control device is provided for actuating said at least one spatial angle in a predetermined range.
8. The device according to claim 7 wherein said control device allows incremental changes of at least one spatial angle.
9. The device according to claim 7 wherein said control device allows setting said at least one spatial angle to a predetermined value.
10. The device according to claim 1 wherein at least one radiation means andor at least one detector means are positioned on at least one guiding device which allows changes in the position of the radiation means andor the detector means on a predetermined path.
11. The device according to claim 10 wherein said path runs substantially in a circle, preferably substantially in a semicircle around the surface to be examined.
12. The device according to claim 10 wherein said at least one guiding device is configured such that the spatial angle at which said radiation means is positioned, and the spatial angle at which said detector means is positioned, can substantially be changed independently of one another.
13. The device according to claim 1 wherein at least one further radiation means andor at least one further detector means are provided which emit radiation to the surface to be examined at least at a third predetermined spatial angle or detect radiation emitted to and reflected back from said surface.
14. A device for examining the optical properties of surfaces including:
at least one first radiation means emitting radiation at least at a first predetermined spatial angle to a surface to be examined;
at least one first detector means for capturing the radiation emitted to and reflected back from the surface wherein said first detector means, allowing a local resolution of detected radiation, is positioned at least at a second predetermined spatial angle relative to said surface;
at least one further radiation means or detector means which emits radiation to the surface to be examined or detects radiation emitted to and reflected back from the surface; and
wherein the radiation means and the detector means are positioned in a space at least part of which exhibits light-reflecting properties.
15. The device according to claim 14 wherein said further radiation means emits diffused radiation.
16. The device according to claim 14 wherein said further radiation means emits directional radiation.
17. The device according to claim 14 wherein said at least one spatial angle, at which said further radiation means or detector means is positioned, is variable.
18. The device according to claim 14 wherein said detector means is selected from a group of detector means including cameras, CCD chips and the like.
19. The device according to claim 14 wherein said surface is irradiated concurrently with at least two said radiation means at least intermittently.
20. The device according to claim 14 wherein at least one further detector means is provided.
21. The device according to claim 14 wherein said further detector means is selected from a group of detector means including photo cells, photo elements, photo diodes and the like.
22. The device according to claim 14 wherein said first detector means is positioned above the surface at a first spatial subangle of substantially 0\xb0.
23. The device according to claim 14 wherein said at least one radiation means is positioned relative to the surface at a first spatial subangle selected from a group of angles including \u221245\xb0 and 75\xb0.
24. The device according to claim 14 wherein said at least one radiation means is positioned relative to the surface at a first spatial subangle whose amount is larger than 70\xb0, preferably larger than 75\xb0.
25. The device according to claim 14 wherein at least one detector means is positioned relative to the surface at a first spatial subangle whose amount is larger than 70\xb0, preferably larger than 75\xb0.
26. The device according to claim 14 wherein at least two of said further detector means are positioned relative to the surface at a first spatial subangle selected from a group of angles including \u221275\xb0, \u221215\xb0, 25\xb0, 45\xb0, 75\xb0 and 110\xb0.
27. The device according to claim 14 wherein said at least one radiation means emits directional radiation.
28. The device according to claim 14 wherein said at least one radiation means emits non-directional radiation.
29. The device according to claim 14 wherein a number of said radiation means are substantially positioned on an arc of a circle.
30. The device according to claim 14 wherein a number of said detector means are substantially positioned on an arc of a circle.
31. The device according to claim 14 wherein both said radiation means and said detector means are substantially positioned at the same second spatial subangle.
32. The device according to claim 14 wherein both said radiation means and said detector means are substantially positioned on an arc of a circle.
33. The device according to claim 14 wherein means are provided such that both a first said detector means and a second said detector means can detect radiation at the same predetermined spatial angle.
34. The device according to claim 14 wherein a plurality of said radiation means are provided whose angular distance relative to one another is predetermined and substantially constant.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Method for determining the reclose time of a circuit breaker (6) on an electric network, said network comprising:
a high voltage source (S),
a three-phase transmission line (L),
a circuit breaker (6) comprising at least three pairs of contacts (7A,8A; 7B,8B; 7C,8C), each pair being associated with one of the three phases (A, B C) of said line (L) and enabling the interruption of any current circulating between said source (S) and said line (L) by separating said contacts in the event of a fault on the associated phase, the first contact being on the source side and the second contact being on the line side,
a shunt compensation reactor (5) to compensate capacitive reactive power of said line (L),
said reclose time being determined in the event of separation of the contacts of each pair of contacts in the presence of a fault on one of the three phases, said determination of said reclose time being made using the following steps:
measuring the voltage (ULA0, ULB0, ULC0) between the line side contact and earth for each of the phases,
measuring the voltage (USA0) between the source side contact and earth for at least one phase,
determining the voltage (USA0, USB0, USC0) between the source side contact and earth for each of the phases,
said determination of said reclose time being characterized in that it also comprises the following steps:
calculating, for two separate phases called first and second phases, the voltage difference (ULAB, ULAC, ULBC) between the line side contact and earth for said first phase, and the voltage difference between the line side contact and earth for said second phase, the calculation being made for each pair of separate phases,
calculating the voltage difference (USAB, USAC, USBC) between the source side contact and earth for said first phase, and the voltage difference between the source side contact and earth for said second phase, the calculation being made for each pair of separate phases,
determining said reclose time on the basis of said voltage differences.
2. Method for determining the reclose time of a circuit breaker on an electric network according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said determination of said reclose time (T) is made by comparing said voltage differences (USBC, ULBC) between two healthy phases on the line side and source side.
3. Method for determining the reclose time of a circuit breaker on an electric network as in the preceding claim, characterized in that said determination of said reclose time (T) is made by determining the time at which the two signals corresponding to said voltage differences (USBC, ULBC) between two healthy phases on the line side and source side are substantially equal and show the same monotony over a non-zero interval about said time.
4. Method for determining the reclose time of a circuit breaker on an electric network as in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said determination of the voltage (USA0, USB0, USC0) between the source side contact and earth for each of the phases is made by 120\xb0 and 240\xb0 phase shifting of said voltage (USA0) measured between the source side contact and earth for at least one phase..
5. Method for determining the reclose time of a circuit breaker on an electric network as in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said measurement of the voltage between the line side contact and earth for each phase is made using a voltage transformer (4).