1. A two stage process for selectively producing C2 to C4 olefins from a heavy hydrocarbonaceous feed, the process comprising the steps of:
a) contacting a heavy hydrocarbonaceous feed with a mixture of a large-pore zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst having an average pore diameter greater than about 0.7 nm and a medium-pore zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst having an average pore diameter less than about 0.7 nm in a first reaction stage comprising a fluid catalytic cracking unit to convert said heavy hydrocarbonaceous feed to lower boiling reaction products;
b) fractionating said lower boiling reaction products into at least a propylene-rich vapor stream and a naphtha boiling range fraction, the naphtha boiling range fraction comprising between about 10 and about 30 wt. % paraffins and between about 15 and about 70 wt. % olefins;
c) collecting said propylene-rich vapor stream;
d) contacting said naphtha boiling range fraction with a second catalyst comprising between about 10 and about 50 wt. % of a crystalline zeolite having an average pore diameter less than about 0.7 nm in a second reaction stage comprising a process unit comprising a reaction zone, a stripping zone, a second catalyst regeneration zone, and a fractionation zone, wherein the naphtha boiling range fraction is contacted with the second catalyst in the reaction zone at reaction conditions which include temperatures ranging from about 500 to about 650\xb0 C. and a hydrocarbon partial pressure from about 10 to about 40 psia (about 70 to about 280 kPa) and a catalyst to second stage feed weight ratio of about 4 to about 10, and wherein propylene comprises at least about 75 mol. % of the total C3 product;
e) collecting the C3 product overhead;
f) passing the second catalyst particles through the stripping zone wherein volatiles are stripped therefrom with steam;
g) passing the stripped second catalyst particles to the regeneration zone where coke is combusted from the second catalyst resulting in hot catalyst particles;
h) recycling the hot second catalyst particles to the second stage reaction zone; and
i) separating the propylene from the C3 product.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the medium-pore zeolites used in the first stage, the second stage, or both, are selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the reaction temperature of the second stage is from about 500 to about 600\xb0 C.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein at least about 60 wt. % of the C5+olefins in the naphtha boiling range feed are convened to C4-products and less than about 25 wt. % of the paraffins are convened to C4-products.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the weight ratio of propylene to total C2-products is greater than about 3.5.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the large pore zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst of the first stage is selected from the group consisting of gmelinite, chabazite, dachiardite, clinoptilolite, faujasite, heulandite, analcite, levynite, erionite, sodalite, cancrinite, nepheline, lazurite, scolecite, natrolite, offretite, mesolite, mordenite, brewsterite, ferrierite and the synthetic zeolites X, Y, A, L, ZK-4, ZK-5, H, B, E, F, H, J, M, Q, T, W, Z, alpha, beta, omega, and USY.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the large pore zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst is a USY zeolite.
8. The process according to claim 1 wherein propylene comprises at least about 80 mol. % of the total second stage C3 products.
9. The process according to claim 8 wherein propylene comprises at least about 90 mol. % of the total second stage C3 products.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein the propylene of the first stage, the second stage, or both is polymerized to polypropylene.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for the preparation of well-defined and isolated cells of substantially uniform size and shape to be used in an electrophoretic display, which process comprises the steps of:
a) laminating a film with prepunched holes on a conductor film;
b) filling the array of holes with charged pigment suspension in a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture; and
c) sealing the filled holes.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said film is a thermoplastic or thermoset resin.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said thermoplastic or thermoset resin is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polysulfone, polystyrene, polyurethane, polysiloxanes, epoxy resins, polyolefins, polycycloolefins, polyamides, polyimides, cured vinyl esters, cured unsaturated polyesters, cured multifunctional vinyl ethers, cured multifunctional acrylates, cured multifunctional allyls, and their copolymers.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said film is colored.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said sealing is accomplished by hardening a sealing composition which is lighter than and immiscible with the dielectric solvent of the electrophoretic fluid.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein said hardening of the sealing composition is accomplished by heat, moisture, solvent evaporation or radiation.
7. The process of claim 5 wherein said sealing composition is premixed with said electrophoretic fluid and is hardened during or after it phase separates and forms a supernatant layer above the electrophoretic fluid.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein said sealing composition comprises materials selected from the group consisting of polyvalent acrylate or methacrylate, cyanoacrylates, polyvalent vinyl including vinylbenzene, vinylsilane, vinylether, polyvalent epoxide, polyvalent isocyanate, polyvalent allyl, and oligomers or polymers containing crosslinkable functional groups and the like.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein said sealing is accomplished by overcoating onto said dielectric fluid a sealing composition which is at least partially immiscible with said dielectric solvent or solvent mixture and has a specific gravity lower than that of said dielectric solvent or solvent mixture, followed by hardening said sealing composition.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein said sealing composition is diluted with a volatile solvent or solvent mixture which is evaporated after said composition is overcoated onto the dielectric fluid.
11. The process of claim 9 wherein said overcoated sealing composition is hardened by solvent evaporation, radiation, heat, moisture, or interfacial reactions at the interface between the overcoat and the electrophoretic fluid.
12. The process of claim 9 wherein said overcoated sealing composition comprises materials selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon rubbers, butadiene rubbers, isoprene rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, polyvalent acrylate or methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, polyvalent vinyl including vinylbenzene, vinylsilane, vinylether, polyvalent epoxide, polyvalent isocyanate, polyvalent allyl, oligomers or polymers containing crosslinkable functional groups and the like.
13. An electrophoretic display comprising a plurality of isolated cells having well-defined size, shape and aspect ratio, said cells are formed from microcups with a dimension in the range of about 1102 to about 1106 m2.
14. The electrophoretic display of claim 13 wherein said microcups have a dimension in the range from about 1103 to about 1105 m2.
15. An electrophoretic display comprising a plurality of isolated cells having well-defined size, shape and aspect ratio, said cells are formed from microcups with a depth in the range of about 5 to about 200 microns.
16. The electrophoretic display of claim 15 wherein said microcups have a depth in the range from about 10 to about 100 microns.
17. An electrophoretic display comprising a plurality of isolated cells having well-defined size, shape and aspect ratio, said cells are formed from microcups with an opening to the total area ratio in the range of from about 0.05 to about 0.95.
18. The electrophoretic display of claim 17 wherein said microcups have an opening to the total area ration in the range from about 0.4 to about 0.9.